A neutral atom storage ring and intense cold atom source

Presented in this thesis is a proposed design for a continuously loaded permanent magnet meter scale storage ring for confining neutral atoms and molecules. Confinement is generated by neodymium magnets arranged to produce hexapole fields. The ring is in the shape of a “racetrack” with two bending sections of 1 meter radius and is composed entirely of linear segments of magnets. A permanent magnet injection system continuously guides particles from an existing source into the ring using an optical pumping scheme. The dynamics of the design are well explained by charged particle accelerator theory extended to neutral particles. The proposed design is over an order of magnitude larger than previous neutral atom storage rings and provides over 2 orders of magnitude greater trapping depth. An extensive simulation was developed to characterize and optimize the ring and injector system. The design is optimized for our existing source of ⁷Li atoms, although theory and simulation indicate it will work well with other paramagnetic species. With our source it is expected to build up a circulating flux of around 5 × 10¹⁴ atoms/s and an atom number of about 2 × 10¹³. It has previously been suggested that such a design is unstable, but in this work it is shown that an essential stability criteria was neglected. Also presented is the improvement and characterization of an intense, continuous cold atom beam to be used to load the storage ring. The beam is generated via post nozzle seeding of a supersonic cryogenic ⁴He jet with hot ⁷Li atoms. The atomic beam is brought to a focus 176 cm from the nozzle by a 10 cm bore diameter permanent magnet hexapole lens. At the focus the beam is measured to have a flux of 2.3(4) × 10¹² atoms/s, brightness of 1.8(6) × 10¹⁹ m⁻²s⁻¹sr⁻¹, forward velocity of 210(2) ms⁻¹, and longitudinal temperature of 7(3) mK. An improved vacuum design should yield around 10 times higher flux.Physic

The New Political History

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66569/2/10.1177_000276427702100204.pd

Bostonia. Volume 9

Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston University's main alumni publication, which covers alumni and student life, as well as university activities, events, and programs

Populist Mobilization: A New Theoretical Approach to Populism*

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112280/1/j.1467-9558.2011.01388.x.pd

Modern American populism: Analyzing the economics behind the Silent Majority, the Tea Party and Trumpism

This article researches populism, more specifically, Modern American Populism (MAP), constructed of white, rural, and economically oppressed reactionarianism, which was borne out of the political upheaval of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement. The research looks to explain the causes of populism and what leads voters to support populist movements and politicians. The research focuses on economic anxiety as the main cause but also examines an alternative theory of racial resentment. In an effort to answer the question, what causes populist movements and motivations, I apply a research approach that utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods. There is an examination of literature that defines populism, its causes and a detailed discussion of the case studies, including the 1972 election of Richard Nixon; the Tea Party election of 2010; and the 2016 election of Donald Trump. In addition, statistical data analysis was run using American National Election Studies (ANES) surveys associated with each specific case study. These case studies were chosen because they most represent forms of populist movements in modern American history. While ample qualitative evidence suggested support for the hypothesis that economic anxiety is a necessary condition for populist voting patterns that elected Nixon, the Tea Party and Trump, the statistical data only supported the hypothesis in two cases, 2010 and 2016, with 1972 coming back inconclusive. The data also suggested that both economic anxiety and racial resentment played a role in 2010 and 2016, while having no significant effect in 1972 in either case. This suggests that further research needs to be conducted into additional populist case studies, as well as an examination into the role economic anxiety and economic crises play on racial resentment and racially motivated voting behavior

Common genetic variants in the CLDN2 and PRSS1-PRSS2 loci alter risk for alcohol-related and sporadic pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is a complex, progressively destructive inflammatory disorder. Alcohol was long thought to be the primary causative agent, but genetic contributions have been of interest since the discovery that rare PRSS1, CFTR, and SPINK1 variants were associated with pancreatitis risk. We now report two significant genome-wide associations identified and replicated at PRSS1-PRSS2 (1×10-12) and x-linked CLDN2 (p < 1×10-21) through a two-stage genome-wide study (Stage 1, 676 cases and 4507 controls; Stage 2, 910 cases and 4170 controls). The PRSS1 variant affects susceptibility by altering expression of the primary trypsinogen gene. The CLDN2 risk allele is associated with atypical localization of claudin-2 in pancreatic acinar cells. The homozygous (or hemizygous male) CLDN2 genotype confers the greatest risk, and its alleles interact with alcohol consumption to amplify risk. These results could partially explain the high frequency of alcohol-related pancreatitis in men – male hemizygous frequency is 0.26, female homozygote is 0.07