Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for cardiovascular mortality.

<p>Abbreviation: CVD, cardiovascular disease; BP, blood pressure; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; PAOD, iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; peripheral arterial occlusion disease.</p><p>Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for cardiovascular mortality.</p

Kaplan—Meier survival curves.

<p>Probabilities of (A) overall survival with log-rank test: χ² = 60.89; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001 in the four groups and χ² = 2.02; <i>P</i> = 0.364 in the three PAOD groups. (B) Cardiovascular survival with log-rank test: χ² = 45.24; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001 in the four groups and χ² = 0.69; <i>P</i> = 0.708 in the three PAOD groups.</p

Characteristics of study population.

<p>Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; BP, blood pressure; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; ABI, ankle-brachial index; RAS, renin-angiotensin system.</p><p>Characteristics of study population.</p

Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for all-cause mortality.

<p>Abbreviation: CVD, cardiovascular disease; BP, blood pressure; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusion disease.</p><p>Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for all-cause mortality.</p

Probabilities of overall survival according to dominance side of ABI value.

<p>(A) in all patients with log-rank test: χ² = 1.32; <i>P</i> = 0.249; (B) in patients without PAOD with log-rank test: χ² = 3.47; <i>P</i> = 0.062; (C) in patients with PAOD with log-rank test: χ² = 0.20; <i>P</i> = 0.651.</p

Characteristics of patients at inclusion according to the location of PAOD.

<p>Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; BP, blood pressure; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; RAS, renin-angiotensin system</p><p>*Comparison between all four groups</p><p>^# Comparison between all groups except non-PAOD group.</p><p>Characteristics of patients at inclusion according to the location of PAOD.</p

Associations between the Duration of Dialysis, Endotoxemia, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, and the Effects of a Short-Dwell Exchange in Patients Requiring Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Endotoxemia is exaggerated and contributes to systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis in patients requiring continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The risk of mortality is substantially increased in patients requiring CAPD for >2 years. However, little is known about the effects of long-term CAPD on circulating endotoxin and cytokine levels. Therefore, the present study evaluated the associations between plasma endotoxin levels, cytokine levels, and clinical parameters with the effects of a short-dwell exchange on endotoxemia and cytokine levels in patients on long-term CAPD.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 26 patients were enrolled and divided into two groups (short-term or long-term CAPD) according to the 2-year duration of CAPD. Plasma endotoxin and cytokine levels were measured before and after a short-dwell exchange (4-h dwell) during a peritoneal equilibration test (a standardized method to evaluate the solute transport function of peritoneal membrane). These data were analyzed to determine the relationship of circulating endotoxemia, cytokines and clinical characteristics between the two groups.</p><p>Results</p><p>Plasma endotoxin and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were significantly elevated in the long-term group. PD duration was significantly correlated with plasma endotoxin (<i>r</i> = 0.479, <i>P</i> = 0.016) and MCP-1 (<i>r</i> = 0.486, <i>P</i> = 0.012). PD duration was also independently associated with plasma MCP-1 levels in multivariate regression. Plasma MCP-1 levels tended to decrease (13.3% reduction, <i>P</i> = 0.077) though endotoxin levels did not decrease in the long-term PD group after the 4-h short-dwell exchange.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Long-term PD may result in exaggerated endotoxemia and elevated plasma MCP-1 levels. The duration of PD was significantly correlated with circulating endotoxin and MCP-1 levels, and was an independent predictor of plasma MCP-1 levels. Short-dwell exchange seemed to have favorable effects on circulating MCP-1 levels in patients on long-term PD.</p></div

Comparison of circulating endotoxin and cytokine levels after a 4-h exchange between the short- and long-term PD groups.

<p>Values are median (interquartile range) or means±standard error of the mean.</p><p>% change, percentage change; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.</p><p>Comparison of circulating endotoxin and cytokine levels after a 4-h exchange between the short- and long-term PD groups.</p

Correlations between PD duration, clinical parameters, and cytokine levels.

<p>CCI, Charlson's comorbidity index; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PD, peritoneal dialysis; <i>r</i>, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</p><p>Correlations between PD duration, clinical parameters, and cytokine levels.</p

Multivariate linear regression analyses of factors associated with circulating endotoxin and MCP-1 levels.

<p>CI, confidence interval; MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PD, peritoneal dialysis.</p><p>Age, gender, diabetes, Charlson's comorbidity index, serum albumin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were included as variables in this model.</p><p>Multivariate linear regression analyses of factors associated with circulating endotoxin and MCP-1 levels.</p