Relative hydration status was negatively correlated with ratio of brachial pre-ejection period to ejection time in diabetic chronic kidney disease.

<p>Relative hydration status was negatively correlated with ratio of brachial pre-ejection period to ejection time in diabetic chronic kidney disease.</p

The determinants of relative hydration status in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients.

<p>Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; bPEP<i>/</i>bET, brachial prolonged pre-ejection period<i>/</i>brachial shorted ejection time; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p><p>The determinants of relative hydration status in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients.</p

Relative hydration status was positively correlated with ratio of pulse wave velocity in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease.

<p>Relative hydration status was positively correlated with ratio of pulse wave velocity in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease.</p

Scatter plot of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (1A), diabetes (1B), and gender (1C) between relative hydration status (%) in the X-axis and mean arterial pressure (mmHg) in the Y-axis in all study subjects.

<p>Scatter plot of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (1A), diabetes (1B), and gender (1C) between relative hydration status (%) in the X-axis and mean arterial pressure (mmHg) in the Y-axis in all study subjects.</p

The clinical characteristics of study subjects stratified by Diabetes Mellitus.

<p><i>Notes:</i> Data are expressed as number (percentage) for categorical variables and mean ± SD or median (25^th, 75^th percentile) for continuous variables, as appropriate.</p><p>Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; bPEP<i>/</i>bET, brachial prolonged pre-ejection period<i>/</i>brachial shorted ejection time; ECW, extracellular water; ICW, intracellular water; TBW, total body water; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p>a<p>Relative hydration status (△HS) was defined as OH/extracellular water.</p>b<p>Urine protein was measured using dipstick test.</p><p>The clinical characteristics of study subjects stratified by Diabetes Mellitus.</p

Kaplan-Meier analyses of cardiovascular event-free survival in all patients subdivided according to different FRS category.

<p>Patients with “high” risk, but not “intermediate” risk (<i>vs</i>. “low” risk) were significantly associated with increased cardiovascular event (<i>P</i> = 0.039).</p

Angiopoietin-2 as a Prognostic Biomarker of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease

<div><p>Background</p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have higher prevalence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality. Endothelial damage and dysfunction have been regarded as early portents of MACE in CKD patients. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) impairs endothelial function and promotes aberrant neovascularization. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between circulating Ang-2 and MACE or all-cause mortality in a CKD cohort.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 621 pre-dialysis stage 3–5 CKD patients were enrolled from January 2006 to December 2011 and were followed up till October 2014. Plasma Ang-2 was measured in duplicate using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Clinical outcomes included MACE or all-cause mortality</p><p>Results</p><p>Of all patients, 122 (19.8%) reached MACE or all-cause mortality. Seventy-two had MACE, 79 died, and 29 had both MACE and all-cause mortality during the follow-up period of 41.5±28.3 months. Ang-2 quintile was divided at 1405.0, 1730.0, 2160.9, and 2829.9 pg/ml. The adjusted HR of MACE or all-cause mortality for every single higher log Ang-2 was 5.69 (95% CI: 2.00–16.20, P = 0.001). The adjusted HR of MACE or all-cause mortality was 2.48 (95% CI: 1.25–4.90) for patients of quintile 5 compared with those of quintile 1. A longitudinal association between MACE or all-cause mortality and stepwise increases in Ang-2 levels was found (P-trend = 0.008).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Ang-2 is an independent predictor of MACE or all-cause mortality in CKD patients. Additional study is necessary in order to explore the mechanism of the association of Ang-2 with adverse outcomes in patients with CKD.</p></div

Prognostic value of biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters for cardiovascular events using c-statistic and ROC curve analysis with calculated AUCs.

<p>Abbreviations: ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the curve; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LA, left atrial; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.</p

Relation of FRS category to cardiovascular events using Cox proportional hazards model.

<p>Values express as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).</p><p>Abbreviations are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0060008#pone-0060008-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Comparison of baseline characteristics among patients with different FRS category.

<p>Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; E, peak early transmitral filling wave velocity; A, peak late transmitral filling wave velocity.</p><p>The FRS is used to identify individuals categorically as “low” (<10% of 10-year risk), “intermediate” (10–20% risk), or “high” risk (≥20% risk).</p>*<p><i>P</i><0.05 compared with low risk; ^†<i>P</i><0.05 compared with intermediate risk.</p