Geographic distribution of the five sentinel sites participating in rotavirus surveillance in Pakistan from 2006–2008.

<p>Geographic distribution of the five sentinel sites participating in rotavirus surveillance in Pakistan from 2006–2008.</p

Cumulative age distribution of children less than 5 years of age admitted with severe diarrhea at five sentinel hospitals in Pakistan, 2006–2008.

<p>Bars represent number of children with rotavirus- positive diarrhea. Points represent cumulative rate (%) of rotavirus- positive gastroenteritis.</p

Distribution of rotavirus positive gastroenteritis by age in months at five sentinel hospitals in Pakistan from 2006–2008.

<p>Distribution of rotavirus positive gastroenteritis by age in months at five sentinel hospitals in Pakistan from 2006–2008.</p

Distribution of genotype of rotavirus strains determined in children less than 5 years of age admitted with acute gastroenteritis in Pakistan, 2006–2008.

<p>Distribution of genotype of rotavirus strains determined in children less than 5 years of age admitted with acute gastroenteritis in Pakistan, 2006–2008.</p

Effect of Ad5hr infection on the number and function of circulating pDC.

<p>A) number of pDC per ml of blood. B) number of IFN-α secreting pDCs per ml of blood. Arrows on the X axis indicate the time of Ad5hr inoculation. The mean values for all animals are indicated by blue bars. P values ≤0.05 from the ANOVA and Dunnetts's post-hoc tests are shown.</p

Effect of Ad5hr infection on the frequency of circulating CD4+T cells expressing activation markers.

<p>A) The percentage of CD95+/CD3+/CD4+ cells expressing CCR5. B) The percentage of CD3+/CD4+ cells expressing a high level of HLA-DR. C) The percentage of CD3+/CD4+ cells expressing Ki67. Arrows on the X axis indicate the time of Ad5hr inoculation. The mean values for all animals are indicated by blue bars. P values ≤0.05 from the ANOVA and Dunnetts's post-hoc tests are shown.</p

Ad5 hexon-specific T cell responses in PBMCs after Ad5hr infection as detected by multiparameter flow cytometry.

<p>Pie charts present the average CD4+ or CD8+T cell responses for all positive animals at weeks 2, 10 and 14 from the first Ad5hr inoculation, as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106004#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. Pie slice colors denote the number of positive functions (expression of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF and CD107 degranulation). Pie arc colors denote the 4 functions separately. Red numbers in the center of pie charts are the mean ± standard deviation of hexon-specific T cells normalized to 10⁵ CD3+ T cells. Fractional numbers below a pie chart refer to the number of animals in a group of 18 that responded.</p

Effect of Ad5hr infection on proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression in PBMC.

<p>A) The fold-change of IFN-gammamRNA in PBMCs; B) IFN-α; C) IL-1; D) TNF and E) CCL20. The fold-change in target gene mRNA levels in study animals post-Ad5hr infection relative to the same target gene mRNA level before Ad5hr infection was calculated as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106004#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. Arrows on the X axis indicate the time of Ad5hr inoculation. The mean values for all animals are indicated by blue bars P values ≤0.05 from the ANOVA and Dunnetts's post-hoc tests are shown.</p

Adenovirus hexon-specific T cell responses in PBMCs after Ad5hr infection.

<p>* Flow cytometric events (mean ±SE) normalized to 10⁵ CD3⁺ T cells.</p>†<p> Percentage of responders /18 animals tested.</p>‡<p> Responses that were ≥ two-fold compared to pre-infection levels were considered strongly positive.</p><p>Adenovirus hexon-specific T cell responses in PBMCs after Ad5hr infection.</p

Additional file 1 of Exploring the benefits of wild plants in dietary nutrition: investigating perspectives, choices, health impacts and sustainable practices

Additional file 1