Taking Advantage of the Circular Structure of Human Values

Schwartz (1992) has shown that Value Domains have a circular structure. The same circular structure has been observed in so many samples all over the world that we may assume that the circular structure is rather universal. Given this structure, the Value systems of individuals can be fruitfully characterized using only one score, which enables us to describe it extremely economically. The Value Circle score we suggest might be independent of response tendencies and cross culturally valid as well. The purpose of this chapter is (a) to show how such a score can be assigned to individuals and (b) to show the advantages and possibilities we have using such a score for analyzing the relation between religiosity and values

Macromolecular synthesis in bluetongue virus infected cells. I. Virus-specific ribonucleic acid synthesis

Both virus-specific double-stranded and single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) are synthesized during infection. The single-stranded RNA is formed in a large excess of double-stranded RNA and the rate of synthesis is maximal between 10 and 13 hours after infection. The single-stranded RNA is associated with the polyribosomes and consists of components with sedimentation constants varying between 12S and 22S. Hybridization of single-stranded RNA with double-stranded RNA indicated that the single-stranded RNA is probably messenger RNA. The secondary structure of the double-stranded RNA was verified by optical rotatory dispersion.The journals have been scanned in colour with a HP 5590 scanner; 600 dpi. Adobe Acrobat v.11 was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format..mn201

Bluetongue virus-induced interferon synthesis

Bluetongue virus was found to induce interferon in mouse embryo (ME) cells and in mice. Different strains of bluetongue virus differed in their ability to induce interferon. Interferon production in ME cells commences after a 5 hour lag phase and the cells continue to produce interferon for 20 hours. Isolated double-stranded bluetongue virus RNA was found to induce maximum titres of interferon in mice approximately 4 hours earlier than was the case with whole virus.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 300dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format

The use of recombinant DNA technology for the development of a bluetongue virus subunit vaccine

The double-stranded RNA gene coding for the surface antigen responsible for inducing neutralising antibodies has been isolated, converted to DNA, and cloned in the plasmid pBR322. So far, only plasmids containing inserts smaller than the gene have been obtained. Possible strategies for the development of a bluetongue virus subunit vaccine are discussed.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format

Macromolecular synthesis in bluetongue virus infected cells. II. Host cell metabolism

Infection of L-cells with bluetongue virus results in inhibition of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis shortly after infection. No inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis is observed before 7 hours after infection. The length of the lag phase before the initiation of the inhibition of protein synthesis is dependent upon the number of infecting virus particles. An increase in the multiplicity of infection results in a decrease in the length of the lag phase. No new macromolecular synthesis is required for the induction of inhibition. Inhibition of viral replication by interferon or UV inactivation does not prevent the induction of inhibition. Virus neutralized by antiserum or inactivated by heat or acid treatment is unable to induce the changes in host cell metabolism.The journals have been scanned in colour with a HP 5590 scanner; 600 dpi. Adobe Acrobat v.11 was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format..mn201

A comparison of an Australian bluetongue virus isolate (CSIRO 19) with other bluetongue virus serotypes by cross-hybridization and cross-immune precipitation

No major differences in size were observed when both the double-stranded RNA and the polypeptides of the Australian bluetongue virus (BTV) isolate CSIRO 19 (BTV-20) were compared with those of other BTV serotypes such as BTV-10 and BTV-4. Minor capsid polypeptide P6 of both BTV-20 and BTV-4, which electrophoreses as a single band on continuous phosphate buffered gels, is separated into 2 distinct bands on discontinuous glycine-buffered gels. This was not the case with BTV-10. Cross-immune precipitation of BTV-20 with BTV-10, BTV-17, BTV-4 and BTV-3 indicated strong immunological cross-reaction of the group-specific antigen P7 of the different serotypes. There was also some cross-immune precipitation of the serotype-specific polypeptide P2 of BTV-20 and BTV-4. This result is in agreement with the observed cross neutralization of these 2 viruses. The main distinction between BTV-20 and the other BTV serotypes was observed in crosshybridization experiments. The homology between the nucleic acid of BTV-20 and other BTV serotypes was less than 30%, whereas homology normally found between BTV serotypes is at least 70%. The hybridization products of the different BTV serotypes were analysed by electrophoresis and fluorography. Two main hybrid segments were observed in all heterologous hybridizations with BTV-20 as compared with 7 hybrid segments in hybridizations between BTV-4 and BTV-10. In order to determine from which genome segment of BTV -20 these 2 hybrid segments were derived, the hybridizations were carried out with individually purified double-stranded RNA segments. These results indicate that the 2 segments of BTV-20 that show the largest homology to corresponding segments of a heterologous BTV serotype are No. 7 and 10.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format

Molecular hybridization studies on the relationships between different serotypes of bluetongue virus and on the difference between the virulent and attenuated strains of the same serotype

Isolates of ³H-labelled messenger RNA of a number of different bluetongue virus serotypes were hybridized with saturating amounts of denatured ³²P-labelled double-stranded RNA of different serotypes. These cross-hybridization products were then analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate relatively large differences between the various serotypes. Only a few of the genome segments in the different serotypes were completely homologous. Each of the cross- hybridization patterns obtained using the genome of Serotype 10 and any one of the other serotypes was unique and characteristic for the strain under investigation. The patterns furthermore clearly indicated different degrees of homology between the genomes of the different serotypes. The immunological specificity of the serotypes appears to be determined mainly by the second genome segment of the virus while genome segment six could be of secondary importance. These results were supported by a study of the cross-hybridization patterns between different isolates of Serotype 4. Cross-hybridization experiments between virulent and attenuated strains of the same serotype also indicated small differences. In all the serotypes investigated the process of attenuation involved changes in genome segments two and six. This result would tend to implicate the same genome segments in the determination of both the immunological specificity and the virulence of the virus.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 300dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format