Non-Diffraction Patterns Evolving to Diffraction Patterns in Classical Wave Experiments --- New Challenge

The double slit has been extended to the cross double slits. The universal phenomena that, in classical double slit wave experiments, the nature and the characteristics of the patterns are distance-dependent. The pattern evolutions have been shown. In this article, we extend the single slit to the cross single slit, e.g., single slits crossing single slits, single slit crossing double slit, etc. Then we experimentally show that, within macroscopic distances from diaphragm, patterns are non-diffraction and gradually evolve to the diffraction patterns near the screen in the same single slit/cross single slit experiment. L: mmTilt single slit crossing single slit Single slit crossing single slit 4 single slits crossing Single slit crossing Ring Single slit crossing double slit 0* 10 50 110 1100 Challenge is to interpret consistently the non-diffraction patterns, the diffraction patterns, and the pattern evolution phenomena

Qudits of Multi-Single Slits, Multi-Double Slits and Multi-Triple Slits

One of tasks of quantum computing research is to reduce the components. We propose four kinds of Qudits, respectively formed by: (1) multi-single-slits; (2) multi-double-slits (multi-Qubits); (3) multi-triple-slits (multi-Qutrits); and (4) combination of (1), (2), (3)

Apparatus for embryo manipulation, electroporation and image capture.

<p>(A) A stereoscopic microscope for embryo manipulation. (B) Chamber-type electrodes with 1-mm gap used in this experiment. (C) Electro Cell Manipulator for generating electric pulses. (D) Nikon DS-Ri1 digital camera for image capture.</p

Effects of <i>Oct4</i>-targeting morpholinos on early development.

<p>(A) Blastocyst development following electroporation of zygotes with customized <i>Oct4</i> morpholinos at different concentrations and cultured for 3.5 d. (B) Blastocyst development following electroporation of zygotes with different morpholinos with a concentration of 0.4 mM. (C) Morphological appearance of electroporated zygotes obtained from the control and <i>Oct4</i>-MOs groups after being cultured for 3.5 d. The original magnification was ×100. (D) Nuclear Oct4 expression is absent in <i>Oct4</i>-MOs electroporated embryos but present in embryos obtained from the control groups. Each sample was counterstained with Hoechst 33342 to visualize DNA (blue). The original magnification was ×200.</p

Electroporation conditions and efficiencies for DNA and morpholinos.

a<p>The electroporation parameters contain voltage, pulse duration, number of pulses and repeats. Three replicate experiments were performed per embryonic stage.</p

Plasmid DNA and morpholinos were efficiently introduced into mouse preimplantation embryos by electroporation.

<p>1-cell embryos, 2-cell embryos, 4-cell embryos, 8-cell embryos and morulas were electroporated with pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc (A) or the lissamine conjugated morpholinos (B) and cultured for 24 h. pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc and morpholinos introduce, revealed by green fluorescent protein and lissamine fluorescence, respectively, is efficient. 4-cell embryos and 8-cell embryos were all developed from the electroporated 2-cell embryos. Original magnification was ×200.</p

DataSheet_1_Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study of causality between rheumatoid arthritis and myocardial infarction.zip

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence suggests an association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and myocardial infarction (MI). However, causality remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the causal association between RA and MI.MethodsUsing publicly available genome-wide association study summary datasets, bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) was performed using inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger regression, simple mode, and weighted mode methods.ResultsThe MR results for the causal effect of RA on MI (IVW, odds ratio [OR] = 1.041, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.007–1.076, P = 0.017; weighted median, OR = 1.027, 95% CI: 1.006–1.049, P = 0.012) supported a causal association between genetic susceptibility to RA and an increased risk of MI. MR results for the causal effect of MI on RA (IVW, OR = 1.012, 95% CI: 0.807–1.268, P = 0.921; weighted median, OR = 1.069, 95% CI: 0.855–1.338, P = 0.556) indicated that there was no causal association between genetic susceptibility to MI and an increased risk of RA.ConclusionBidirectional TSMR analysis supports a causal association between genetic susceptibility to RA and an increased risk of MI but does not support a causal association between genetic susceptibility to MI and an increased risk of RA.</p

Electroporation of <i>Oct4</i>-specific shRNA expression vectors.

<p>(A) Blastocyst development following electroporation of zygotes with custom <i>Oct4</i>-specific shRNA expression vectors at different concentrations and cultured for 3.5 d. (B) Blastocyst development following electroporation of zygotes with different shRNA expression vectors with a concentration of 100 µg/ml. (C) Morphological appearance of electroporated zygotes obtained from the control and <i>Oct4</i>-shRNA groups after being cultured for 3.5 d. Morphology (top) and fluorescence (bottom). The original magnification was ×100.</p

Isomer-Specific Trophic Transfer of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids in the Marine Food Web of Liaodong Bay, North China

Trophic transfers of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) have been well studied in aquatic food webs; however, most studies examined PFCAs as single compounds without differentiating isomers. In this study, an in-port derivatization GC-MS method was used to determine PFCA (perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA; perfluorononanoic acid, PFNA; perfluorodecanoate acid, PFDA; perfluoroundecanoate acid, PFUnDA; perfluorododecanoate acid, PFDoDA; perfluorotridecanoate acid, PFTriDA, and perfluorotetradecanoate acid, PFTeDA) structural isomers in 11 marine species including benthic invertebrates, fishes, and gulls collected in November 2006 from Liaodong Bay in China. The total concentrations of linear PFCAs were 0.35–1.10, 0.93–2.61, and 2.13–2.69 ng/g ww, and the corresponding percentages of branched PFCAs to linear PFCAs were 6.6–15.5%, 4.2–9.9%, and 4.5–6.0% in invertebrates, fishes, and birds, respectively. Except for linear PFOA, significant positive relationships were found between the concentrations of all the target linear PFCAs and trophic levels, and the trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranged from 1.90 to 4.88. Positive correlations between the concentrations of branched PFCAs isomers and trophic levels were also observed but were without statistical significance. The relatively high biomagnification of linear isomers of PFCAs would lead to low percentages of branched PFCAs to total PFCAs in organisms at high trophic levels. This study for the first time clarified isomer-specific trophic transfers of PFCAs in a marine food web

Ubiquitous Occurrence of Fluorotelomer Alcohols in Eco-Friendly Paper-Made Food-Contact Materials and Their Implication for Human Exposure

The occurrence of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) was investigated in 94 food-contact materials (FCMs). We detected 6:2 FTOH (<0.60–1110 ng/g), 8:2 FTOH (<0.40–8490 ng/g), and 10:2 FTOH (<0.02–9350 ng/g) in most FCM samples, and four longer-chain C_14–20 FTOHs were, for the first time, identified in FCMs with relatively high concentrations (<0.02–8450 ng/g for 12:2 FTOH, <0.02–1640 ng/g for 14:2 FTOH, <0.02–372 ng/g for 16:2 FTOH, and <0.02–130 ng/g for 18:2 FTOH). There were three typical profiles of FTOHs that were dominated by 6:2 FTOH (95.6 ± 8.1% in 9 FCMs), 8:2 FTOH (50.9 ± 20.8% in 22 FCMs), and 10:2 FTOH (44.5 ± 20.9% in 30 FCMs), indicating the congener-specific usage of FTOHs for different commercial purposes. All nine detectable FCMs produced in the United States were dominated by 6:2 FTOH, which was significantly different from those produced in China. The median concentration of total FTOHs in eco-friendly paper tableware was 2990 ng/g, which was lower than in popcorn bags (18 200 ng/g) but much higher than other FCMs (<0.55–38.7 ng/g). FTOHs could migrate from paper bowls, with migration efficiencies of 0.004–0.24% into water, 0.004–0.24% into 10% ethanol, 0.009–2.79% into 30% ethanol, 0.06–13.0% into 50% ethanol (v/v) simulants, and 0.04–2.28% into oil. Migration efficiencies decreased with increasing carbon chain lengths of FTOHs