Maze and task description.

<p>The maze consists in a 3×3rooms. The rooms are not segregated by a physical door and only the room where the monkey is currently in is illuminated. The starting position for the monkey (represented by the graphic of a monkey in a wheelchair) and the reward position (represented by the drop of water) remain the same throughout a block of trials, but are modified for each block. The monkey must learn to navigate a specific path to reach the reward. After they reach the criterion (3 or 10 corrects trials in short or long training blocks respectively) animals enter a probe phase. (A; C; E; G) Acquisition phases for specific probe types, (B) Type 1 probe test (triple dissociation|, (D) Type 2 probe test (cue versus place), (F) Type 3 probe test (place versus direction), (H) Type 4 probe test (direction versus cue).</p

Adapted powered wheelchair.

<p>(A) The monkey sits in an electric powered wheelchair that is controlled by a joystick under the right hand, (B) the monkey learned to follow a route from room to room by choosing the one door in each room with one symbol illuminated.</p

Monkeys' learning comparison.

<p>Monkeys performances (p values of the trials and errors to reach the two criteria) and their evolution (early versus late) were compared by using a One Way Repeated Measures ANOVA test.</p

Learning rate improved with training.

<p>Early training comprised the first 10(A–B and C–D respectively) there was a significant decrease in the number of trials to reach the criterion and of the number of errors. (* p<0.05 for pooled monkeys' performances).</p

Monkeys' choices comparison.

<p>Choices distribution had been compared between monkeys (p value).</p

Probe Tests results: Comparisons of strategies used in probe tests in the 4 different tasks.

<p>(A) Type 1, triple dissociation, (B) Type 2, place versus direction probe; (C) Type 3, place versus cue and (D) Type 4, cue versus direction (*p<0.05).</p