162 research outputs found
Le développement des écoles et pédagogies différentes depuis le début des années 2000 : état des lieux et perspectives
International audienc
Speciesâspecific responses to combined water stress and increasing temperatures in two beeâpollinated congeners ( Echium , Boraginaceae)
Water stress and increasing temperatures are two main constraints faced by plants in the context of climate change. These constraints affect plant physiology and morphology, including phenology, floral traits, and nectar rewards, thus altering plantâpollinator interactions. We compared the abiotic stress responses of two beeâpollinated Boraginaceae species, Echium plantagineum , an annual, and Echium vulgare , a biennial. Plants were grown for 5 weeks during their flowering period under two watering regimes (wellâwatered and waterâstressed) and three temperature regimes (21, 24, 27°C). We measured physiological traits linked to photosynthesis (chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency), and vegetative (leaf number and growth rate) and floral (e.g., flower number, phenology, floral morphology, and nectar production) traits. The physiological and morphological traits of both species were affected by the water and temperature stresses, although the effects were greater for the annual species. Both stresses negatively affected floral traits, accelerating flower phenology, decreasing flower size, and, for the annual species, decreasing nectar rewards. In both species, the number of flowers was reduced by 22%â45% under water stress, limiting the total amount of floral rewards. Under water stress and increasing temperatures, which mimic the effects of climate change, floral traits and resources of beeâpollinated species are affected and can lead to disruptions of pollination and reproductive success
Un mystÚre : la technique de conservation mise en oeuvre par Honoré Fragonard pour créer ses fameux écorchés
International audienceA two part overview of the techniques used by HonorĂ© Fragonard to create and preserve (mainly against the insects) cutaway anatomical figures (" Ă©corchĂ©s ") of animals or humans. The first part summarise the techniques preparing the dry anatomical specimens at that time, according to contemporary bibliographical data: selection and preparation of the bodies, then injection of the various organs and tissues (e.g: muscles, nerves, lymph and blood vessels, placenta etc.). The second one gives detailed information on the techniques used by Fragonard to create his " Ă©corchĂ©s " : selection of the subjects, highlighting the various organs and tissues, mummification, drying and varnishing. This new information was obtained after a complete chemical analysis of the products that can still be collected from the " Ă©corchĂ©s " in the Alfort MusĂ©e.Etude en deux volets des techniques utilisĂ©es par HonorĂ© Fragonard pour crĂ©er et prĂ©server (principalement des insectes) les corps Ă©corchĂ©s d'animaux ou d'ĂȘtres humains. La premiĂšre partie rĂ©sume les modalitĂ©s de prĂ©parations anatomiques sĂšches Ă l'Ă©poque de Fragonard, selon les sources bibliographiques contemporaines : choix et prĂ©paration des corps puis injections des diffĂ©rents organes et tissus (ex : muscles, nerfs, systĂšmes veineux et lymphatique, placenta etc.). La seconde partie donne des dĂ©tails sur les particularitĂ©s et les variantes des techniques mises en oeuvre par Fragonard pour crĂ©er ses EcorchĂ©s : choix des sujets, mise en Ă©vidence par injections des diffĂ©rents organes et tissus, momification, sĂ©chage et vernissage. Ces informations originales ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues par une analyse chimique approfondie des traces de produits existant encore dans les EcorchĂ©s examinĂ©s au MusĂ©e d'Alfort
PKR knockout in the 5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease reveals beneficial effects on spatial memory and brain lesions
International audienceBrain lesions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid plaques made of AÎČ peptides and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein with synaptic and neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. AÎČ oligomers can trigger tau phosphorylation and neuronal alterations through activation of neuronal kinases leading to progressive cognitive decline. PKR is a ubiquitous pro-apoptotic serine/threonine kinase, and levels of activated PKR are increased in AD brains and AD CSF. In addition, PKR regulates negatively memory formation in mice. To assess the role of PKR in an AD in vivo model, we crossed 5xFAD transgenic mice with PKR knockout (PKRKO) mice and we explored the contribution of PKR on cognition and brain lesions in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD as well as in neuron-microglia co-cultures exposed to the innate immunity activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nine-month-old double-mutant mice revealed significantly improved memory consolidation with the new object location test, starmaze test, and elevated plus maze test as compared to 5xFAD mice. Brain amyloid accumulation and BACE1 levels were statistically decreased in double-mutant mice. Apoptosis, neurodegeneration markers, and synaptic alterations were significantly reduced in double-mutant mice as well as neuroinflammation markers such as microglial load and brain cytokine levels. Using cocultures, we found that PKR in neurons was essential for LPS microglia-induced neuronal death. Our results demonstrate the clear involvement of PKR in abnormal spatial memory and brain lesions in the 5xFAD model and underline its interest as a target for neuroprotection in AD
France, Europe and Development Aid. From the Treaties of Rome to the Present Day
This book is based on the proceedings of a major conference on France, Europe and development aid, from the Treaties of Rome to the present day, organised by the French Development Agency (AFD) and the Institute of Public Management and Economic Development (IGPDE). It presents, in the form of a dialogue between academics and major players in this field (Philippe de Fontaine Vive, Dieter Frisch, Omar Kabbaj, Bernard Petit, Dov Zerah and Tertius Zongo), an overview of development cooperation from the point of view of three key players: the AFD together with the French government, the European Commission and the recipient countries. Franceâs aid has, since 1945, clearly been driven by humanitarian, moral and political considerations as well as by the defence of French economic interests. It is one of the instruments of French influence in international relations. What is the role of French development assistance now that a ânewâ player, the European Commission, has been involved in this field since 1958? What sort of development policy do the Member States of the European Union and the Commission envisage? What role is there for France in the European dimension of assistance? Is there still room for official assistance within a liberalised economic area, in which private enterprise is paramount? The answers provided to these questions show that European societies do not view international relations simply in terms of economic confrontation or cold indifference. The conference on 8 December 2011 celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Agence Française de DĂ©veloppement (AFD), successor to the Caisse centrale de la France libre, which was created by General de Gaulle in London on 2 December 1941.Le colloque sur La France, lâEurope et lâaide au dĂ©veloppement, des traitĂ©s de Rome Ă nos jours, tenu Ă lâinitiative de lâAFD et de lâIGPDE, prĂ©sente sous la forme dâun dialogue entre des universitaires et des grands acteurs de terrain (Philippe de Fontaine Vive, Dieter Frisch, Omar Kabbaj, Bernard Petit, Dov Zerah, Tertius Zongo) un Ă©tat des lieux de la coopĂ©ration pour le dĂ©veloppement de trois acteurs clefs : lâAFD et les gouvernements français, la Commission europĂ©enne, les Ătats bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de lâaide. Lâaide publique française au dĂ©veloppement tient, depuis 1945, Ă des raisons humanistes et morales, politiques Ă©videmment et de dĂ©fense des intĂ©rĂȘts Ă©conomiques français. Elle entre dans le dispositif de lâinfluence française dans les relations internationales. Quel sens donner dĂ©sormais Ă lâaide française au dĂ©veloppement alors quâun nouvel acteur, la Commission europĂ©enne, intervient dans ce champ depuis 1958 ? Quelle politique les Ătats membres de lâUnion europĂ©enne et la Commission proposent-ils pour le dĂ©veloppement ? Comment la France investit-elle la dimension europĂ©enne de lâaide ? Lâaide a-t-elle encore un sens dans un espace Ă©conomique libĂ©ralisĂ© oĂč lâinitiative privĂ©e est prĂ©Ă©minente ? Les rĂ©ponses donnĂ©es manifestent que les sociĂ©tĂ©s europĂ©ennes conçoivent les relations internationales autrement quâen sâappuyant sur les rapports de force Ă©conomiques ou de froide indiffĂ©rence. Le colloque du 8 dĂ©cembre 2011 a cĂ©lĂ©brĂ© les 70 ans de lâAgence Française de DĂ©veloppement, hĂ©ritiĂšre de la Caisse centrale de la France libre crĂ©Ă©e Ă Londres par le gĂ©nĂ©ral de Gaulle, le 2 dĂ©cembre 1941.El coloquio âFrancia, Europa y la ayuda al desarrollo: de los tratados de Roma a nuestros dĂasâ celebrado por iniciativa de la AFD (Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo) y el IGPDE (Instituto francĂ©s de GestiĂłn PĂșblica y Desarrollo EconĂłmico) adopta la forma de un diĂĄlogo entre universitarios y grandes actores de terreno (Philippe de Fontaine Vive, Dieter Frisch, Omar Kabbaj, Bernard Petit, Dov Zerah, Tertius Zongo) para levantar acta del estado de la cooperaciĂłn para el desarrollo de tres actores clave: la AFD y el gobierno francĂ©s, la ComisiĂłn Europea y los Estados beneficiarios de la ayuda. La ayuda pĂșblica francesa al desarrollo se justifica desde 1945 por razones humanistas y morales y, obviamente, por razones polĂticas y de defensa de los intereses econĂłmicos franceses, siendo uno de los componentes del dispositivo de influencia francesa en las relaciones internacionales. ÂżQuĂ© sentido dar hoy a la ayuda francesa al desarrollo teniendo en cuenta que un nuevo actor, la ComisiĂłn Europea, interviene en dicho campo desde 1958? ÂżQuĂ© polĂtica para el desarrollo proponen la ComisiĂłn y los Estados miembros de la UniĂłn Europea? ÂżCuĂĄl es el papel de Francia en la dimensiĂłn europea de la ayuda? ÂżSigue teniendo sentido la ayuda en un espacio econĂłmico liberalizado en el que la iniciativa privada es preeminente? Las respuestas aportadas ponen de manifiesto que las sociedades europeas no conciben las relaciones internacionales sirviĂ©ndose de las relaciones de fuerza econĂłmica o de frĂa indiferencia
La France, lâEurope et lâaide au dĂ©veloppement. Des traitĂ©s de Rome Ă nos jours
Le colloque sur La France, lâEurope et lâaide au dĂ©veloppement, des traitĂ©s de Rome Ă nos jours, tenu Ă lâinitiative de lâAFD et de lâIGPDE, prĂ©sente sous la forme dâun dialogue entre des universitaires et des grands acteurs de terrain (Philippe de Fontaine Vive, Dieter Frisch, Omar Kabbaj, Bernard Petit, Dov Zerah, Tertius Zongo) un Ă©tat des lieux de la coopĂ©ration pour le dĂ©veloppement de trois acteurs clefs : lâAFD et les gouvernements français, la Commission europĂ©enne, les Ătats bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de lâaide. Lâaide publique française au dĂ©veloppement tient, depuis 1945, Ă des raisons humanistes et morales, politiques Ă©videmment et de dĂ©fense des intĂ©rĂȘts Ă©conomiques français. Elle entre dans le dispositif de lâinfluence française dans les relations internationales. Quel sens donner dĂ©sormais Ă lâaide française au dĂ©veloppement alors quâun nouvel acteur, la Commission europĂ©enne, intervient dans ce champ depuis 1958 ? Quelle politique les Ătats membres de lâUnion europĂ©enne et la Commission proposent-ils pour le dĂ©veloppement ? Comment la France investit-elle la dimension europĂ©enne de lâaide ? Lâaide a-t-elle encore un sens dans un espace Ă©conomique libĂ©ralisĂ© oĂč lâinitiative privĂ©e est prĂ©Ă©minente ? Les rĂ©ponses donnĂ©es manifestent que les sociĂ©tĂ©s europĂ©ennes conçoivent les relations internationales autrement quâen sâappuyant sur les rapports de force Ă©conomiques ou de froide indiffĂ©rence. Le colloque du 8 dĂ©cembre 2011 a cĂ©lĂ©brĂ© les 70 ans de lâAgence Française de DĂ©veloppement, hĂ©ritiĂšre de la Caisse centrale de la France libre crĂ©Ă©e Ă Londres par le gĂ©nĂ©ral de Gaulle, le 2 dĂ©cembre 1941.The symposium on France, Europe and development aid, from the Treaties of Rome to the present, organised by the AFD [French Development Agency] and the IGPDE [Institute of Public Management and Economic Development], presents in the form of a dialogue between academics and the major players in this field (Philippe de Fontaine Vive, Dieter Frisch, Omar Kabbaj, Bernard Petit, Dov Zerah and Tertius Zongo) an overview of development cooperation from the point of view of three key players: the AFD and the French government, the European Commission and the recipient countries. Since 1945, French government development assistance has been given for humanitarian and moral reasons and, obviously, for political reasons and also to defend French economic interests. It is one of the mechanisms of French influence in international relations. What is the role of French development assistance now that a new player, the European Commission, has been involved in this field since 1958? What sort of development policy do the Member States of the European Union and the Commission envisage? What role is there for France in the European dimension of assistance? Is there still a place for official assistance within a liberalised economic area, in which private enterprise is paramount? The answers provided to these questions show that European societies view international relations other than as simply based on economic confrontation or cold indifference.El coloquio âFrancia, Europa y la ayuda al desarrollo: de los tratados de Roma a nuestros dĂasâ celebrado por iniciativa de la AFD (Agencia Francesa de Desarrollo) y el IGPDE (Instituto francĂ©s de GestiĂłn PĂșblica y Desarrollo EconĂłmico) adopta la forma de un diĂĄlogo entre universitarios y grandes actores de terreno (Philippe de Fontaine Vive, Dieter Frisch, Omar Kabbaj, Bernard Petit, Dov Zerah, Tertius Zongo) para levantar acta del estado de la cooperaciĂłn para el desarrollo de tres actores clave: la AFD y el gobierno francĂ©s, la ComisiĂłn Europea y los Estados beneficiarios de la ayuda. La ayuda pĂșblica francesa al desarrollo se justifica desde 1945 por razones humanistas y morales y, obviamente, por razones polĂticas y de defensa de los intereses econĂłmicos franceses, siendo uno de los componentes del dispositivo de influencia francesa en las relaciones internacionales. ÂżQuĂ© sentido dar hoy a la ayuda francesa al desarrollo teniendo en cuenta que un nuevo actor, la ComisiĂłn Europea, interviene en dicho campo desde 1958? ÂżQuĂ© polĂtica para el desarrollo proponen la ComisiĂłn y los Estados miembros de la UniĂłn Europea? ÂżCuĂĄl es el papel de Francia en la dimensiĂłn europea de la ayuda? ÂżSigue teniendo sentido la ayuda en un espacio econĂłmico liberalizado en el que la iniciativa privada es preeminente? Las respuestas aportadas ponen de manifiesto que las sociedades europeas no conciben las relaciones internacionales sirviĂ©ndose de las relaciones de fuerza econĂłmica o de frĂa indiferencia
Le RĂ©cit d'enfance et ses modĂšles
LâidĂ©e que le rĂ©cit dâenfance puisse avoir des modĂšles, ĂȘtre objet dâimitations, donner lieu Ă des formules codifiĂ©es et Ă des sĂ©ries, semble paradoxale : la relation du dĂ©but de la vie nâest-elle pas considĂ©rĂ©e comme lâoccasion dâaffirmer la singularitĂ© de la personne et de mettre au jour ce quâil y a de plus intime dans une existence ? Nâest-ce pas en particulier le rĂ©cit dâenfance qui distingue le rĂ©cit autobiographique centrĂ© sur le caractĂšre privĂ©, unique de la vie, des mĂ©moires qui prĂ©sentent un personnage public, un tĂ©moin qui fait de ce quâil a vĂ©cu le point dâappui dâun point de vue sur lâHistoire ? Parce que cette frontiĂšre paraĂźt mouvante, on prĂ©fĂšre cependant aujourdâhui parler de « rĂ©cits de vie ». Les recherches sur les mĂ©moires et les autobiographies spirituelles ont soulignĂ© la prĂ©sence de formes de rĂ©cits dâenfance et dâune topique de lâĂ©vocation des origines de la vie, avant les Confessions de Rousseau, ouvrage qui marquerait la naissance du genre autobiographique. Les travaux sur les modĂšles fictionnels Ă lâĆuvre dans le rĂ©cit factuel, sur lâintertextualitĂ©, sur le genre contemporain de lâautofiction, la notion dĂ©finie par Maurice Halbwachs de mĂ©moire collective amĂšnent Ă sâinterroger sur la prĂ©sence dâune mĂ©moire des reprĂ©sentations et des textes qui imprĂšgne toute Ă©criture de la mĂ©moire. Enfin, la popularitĂ© croissante de la pratique du rĂ©cit de vie par des auteurs qui nâappartiennent pas au monde institutionnel des lettres invite Ă considĂ©rer aussi la question du savoir-faire, des recettes et des conseils dans la façon de raconter son enfance. Ce colloque a Ă©tĂ© conçu pour faire le point, dans les Ă©crits de langue française, sur cette relation entre le rĂ©cit dâune expĂ©rience unique et des formes reproduites et reproductibles
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