Introduction

This is an introduction for the 34th volume of the Journal of Northeast Historical Archaeology. This volume is about the archaeology of Dutch Sites in the Old and New Worlds

The Beginnings of Modern Historical Archaeology in the Northeast and the Origins of the Conference on Northeast Historical Archaeology

Historical archaeology entered a remarkable period of growth and development following World War II and continuing through the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s. In addition to the pressing need for salvage archaeology at threatened sites, excavation occurred at many other sites for research purposes including reconstruction of historic buildings. New techniques of underwater exploration increased accessibility of shipwreck sites in the 1950s, and attention also focused increasingly on the problem of developing artifact typologies. Early in the 1960s statistical analysis and comparative study of archaeological data set a new direction, while an increasing number of excavations also occurred at military sites. In 1960 Stanley South organized the first professional society for historical archaeologists. Following this, Jack Mead in 1966 organized a separate group for historical archaeologists working in the Northeast, called the Symposium on Historic Site Archaeology. The federal Preservation Act followed later in 1966, and the Society for Historical Archaeology was formally organized in January, 1967

The Mahicans, the Dutch, and the Schodack Islands in the 17th and 18th Centuries

Documentary research calls attention to the historical and archaeological significance of an area that once consisted of three separate islands on the east side of the Hudson River below Albany. The area, called Schodack, included the traditional council fire of the Mahican Indians. The history of these islands can be traced from 1609, when Hudson\u27s ship, the Half Moon, anchored near them through the colonial period. Despite extensive purchases of land by the Dutch elsewhere on both sides of the river soon after 1630, the Mahican Indian owners and occupants of these fertile islands resisted selling them to the acquisitive Dutch until a period of crisis after 1660. Although a Mahican village continued to exist on the islands until the mid-18th century, the Mahicans were gradually dispersed through the combined effects of colonial wars and activities of land speculators and farmers, colonial officials, and missionaries. The islands currently are owned and protected as an undeveloped state park by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Deep deposits of river dredging spoil today cover the islands and hide the Mahican and colonial sites from archaeologists, but have also effectively protected them from vandals. Many questions about the Mahican and colonial European occupation of the islands remain that can be answered only through future archaeological efforts

An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Sources on theArchaeology of Old World Dutch Material Culture in the16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries

An annotated bibliography of sources used for the Archaeology of Old World Dutch and Material Culture in the 16-18th centuries

Introduction to Symposium on Archaeology of the Revolutionary War Period

A brief history of the Symposium on Archaeology of the Revolutionary War period

The Archaeology of 17th-Century New Netherland Since1985: An Update

In 1985, a number of goals and research questions were proposed in relation to the archaeology of\u27 pre-1664 sites in the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Significant Dutch sites were subsequently ~xcavated in Albany, Kingston, and other places from 1986 through 1988, while a series of useful publications continued to be produced after 1988. Excavations at historic period Indian sites also continued after 1988 . . Excavations in 17th-century sites from Maine to Maryland have revealed extensive trade contacts with New Netherland and the Dutch, while the Jamestown excavations have indicated the influence of the Dutch !n the early history of Virginia. In 1996, after a nine-year period of minimal archaeological activity in Albany,.,the . controversial Dormitory Authority project suddenly attracted widespread attention. Excavations i~ other parts\u27 of Albany followed, and other pre-1664 features,including a brickyard site, were uncovered. An important discovery in New York City was the evidence of the windmill that was standing on Governors Island in 1639. Further excavations at 17th-century sites have occurred in Kingston and on Shelter Island

“New Bottles Made with My Crest”: Colonial Bottle Seals from Eastern North America, a Gazetteer and Interpretation

Bottle seals or crests are one of the more intriguing categories of artifacts recovered from historic archaeological sites. These small blobs of glass were applied to the necks or shoulders of bottles. They were embossed with initials, shields, and other insignia. They bear dates, as well as the initials and names of individuals and families, taverns, vineyards, schools, retailers, and military units. Archaeologists seriating blown glass bottles from colonial sites in North America have employed them as important dating tools. They have also been interpreted as status markers. This paper provides a gazetteer of bottles with seals from eastern North America. It also argues that private seals, bottle seals employed by individuals rather than organizations, served as indicators of economic, social, and cultural capital in early America. They provide insights into various aspects of colonial culture, including the creation and maintenance of male identities, membership in elite groups, and knowledge of proper etiquette. Furthermore, the geographic disparities in their distribution serve to highlight the development of distinctive regional cultures. These simple seals provide a window into lifeways in colonial America and the aspirations, behaviors, and connections between the owners of vintages consumed long ago

Book Review: Pottery Works: Potteries of New York State\u27s Capital District and Upper Hudson Region by Warren F. Broderick and William Bouck

Book Review: Pottery Works: Potteries of New York State\u27s Capital District and Upper Hudson Region by Warren F. Broderick and William Bouck 1995, Dickinson University Press, Canbury, NJ, 285 pages, $59.50

Multi-scale modeling study of the source contributions to near-surface ozone and sulfur oxides levels over California during the ARCTAS-CARB period

Chronic high surface ozone (O3) levels and the increasing sulfur oxides (SOx = SO2+SO4) ambient concentrations over South Coast (SC) and other areas of California (CA) are affected by both local emissions and long-range transport. In this paper, multi-scale tracer, full-chemistry and adjoint simulations using the STEM atmospheric chemistry model are conducted to assess the contribution of local emission sourcesto SC O3 and to evaluate the impacts of transported sulfur and local emissions on the SC sulfur budgetduring the ARCTAS-CARB experiment period in 2008. Sensitivity simulations quantify contributions of biogenic and fire emissions to SC O3 levels. California biogenic and fire emissions contribute 3–4 ppb to near-surface O3 over SC, with larger contributions to other regions in CA. During a long-range transport event from Asia starting from 22 June, high SOx levels (up to ~0.7 ppb of SO2 and ~1.3 ppb of SO4) is observed above ~6 km, but they did not affect CA surface air quality. The elevated SOx observed at 1–4 km is estimated to enhance surface SOx over SC by ~0.25 ppb (upper limit) on ~24 June. The near-surface SOx levels over SC during the flight week are attributed mostly to local emissions. Two anthropogenic SOx emission inventories (EIs) from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are compared and applied in 60 km and 12 km chemical transport simulations, and the results are compared withobservations. The CARB EI shows improvements over the National Emission Inventory (NEI) by EPA, but generally underestimates surface SC SOx by about a factor of two. Adjoint sensitivity analysis indicated that SO2 levels at 00:00 UTC (17:00 local time) at six SC surface sites were influenced by previous day maritime emissions over the ocean, the terrestrial emissions over nearby urban areas, and by transported SO2 from the north through both terrestrial and maritime areas. Overall maritime emissions contribute 10–70% of SO2 and 20–60% fine SO4 on-shore and over the most terrestrial areas, with contributions decreasing with in-land distance from the coast. Maritime emissions also modify the photochemical environment, shifting O3 production over coastal SC to more VOC-limited conditions. These suggest an important role for shipping emission controls in reducing fine particle and O3concentrations in SC