Future Urban Landscapes: Climate Migration Projections in Cities

As climate impacts accelerate worldwide and force many to leave their homes, this research confirms that a large share will move towards urban areas and contribute to accelerating urbanisation.Our global cities have always been a refuge and destination for newcomers, who are an essential, and must valued part of the fabric of our cities. In our future urban landscape, cities and mayors will continue to be key – both to welcome newcomers and protect all residents from climate impacts, as climate impacts will also increasingly affect our urban centres. This new study provides first-of-its-kind city-level climate migration projections and impacts across multiple regions.The data is clear: by 2050, cities can expect to be home to a significant number of internal migrants as a result of the climate crisis – unless rapid action is taken to halt emissions and reduce associated climate impacts. In all scenarios there is a critical need for locally led inclusive climate action that can support the development of healthy, sustainable cities for all. Climate change is the crisis of our lifetime, but if we deliver on sustainable solutions for frontline communities, it does not need to be

Análisis de la gestión comercial en la empresa Junios Group Etiquetas y Adhesivos SAC, Lima 2022

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir la gestión comercial de la empresa Junios Group Etiquetas y Adhesivos sac, Lima 2022, donde se menciona la venta, procesos internos y satisfacción del cliente. La investigación es de tipo básica, enfoque cualitativo, nivel descriptivo y con diseño fenomenológico. El análisis estuvo conformado por una población de 17 colaboradores siendo la muestra de 3 personas que estuvieron involucradas en el área comercial. Además, se aplicó la técnica de entrevista semiestructurada donde se desarrollaron 18 preguntas que fueron clasificadas por subcategorías. Los resultados ayudaron a recopilar información lo cual demostró que la gestión comercial cumple un rol fundamental dentro de la compañía debido a que las ventas se miden a través de ellos, esto permite tener mayor acogida en el rubro de manufacturas. Finalmente, se realizó la comparativa entre los resultados y los antecedentes nacionales e internacionales para poder identificar la igualdad o diferencias que existen en la investigación. De igual manera, se precisan algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones para la mejora en los procesos de la gestión comercial

The Immunogenic SigA Enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2a Binds to HEp-2 Cells and Induces Fodrin Redistribution in Intoxicated Epithelial Cells

BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that the enterotoxin SigA which resides on the she pathogenicity island (PAI) of S. flexneri 2a is an autonomously secreted serine protease capable of degrading casein. We have also demonstrated that SigA is cytopathic for HEp-2 cells and plays a role in the intestinal fluid accumulation associated with S. flexneri infections. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this work we show that SigA binds specifically to HEp-2 cells and degrades recombinant human alphaII spectrin (alpha-fodrin) in vitro, suggesting that the cytotoxic and enterotoxic effects mediated by SigA are likely associated with the degradation of epithelial fodrin. Consistent with our data, this study also demonstrates that SigA cleaves intracellular fodrin in situ, causing its redistribution within cells. These results strongly implicate SigA in altering the cytoskeleton during the pathogenesis of shigellosis. On the basis of these findings, cleavage of fodrin is a novel mechanism of cellular intoxication for a Shigella toxin. Furthermore, information regarding immunogenicity to SigA in infected patients is lacking. We studied the immune response of SigA from day 28 post-challenge serum of one volunteer from S. flexneri 2a challenge studies. Our results demonstrate that SigA is immunogenic following infection with S. flexneri 2a. CONCLUSIONS: This work shows that SigA binds to epithelial HEp-2 cells as well as being able to induce fodrin degradation in vitro and in situ, further extending its documented role in the pathogenesis of Shigella infections

Loss and damage: Challenges and opportunities for city leadership (Arabic Version)

Drawing from existing literature as well as lived experiences within C40 member cities, this report complements the growing evidence base around the mobilisation of loss and damage funding by national governments, private funders and multilateral development actors. It does this chiefly by presenting the urban scale of climate impacts and key examples from the actions and leadership of C40 cities. It focuses on both economic and non-economic losses, and on both slower- and rapid-onset extreme weather events. Drawing on growing recognition of climate-related loss and damage and calls for locally led action, this report aims to create a shared understanding of how loss and damage is experienced in urban areas, the existing solutions that local governments are implementing, and the specific gaps and needs that exist, in order to access dedicated loss and damage funding, delivered at scale.Â

Loss and damage: Challenges and opportunities for city leadership (French Version)

S'appuyant sur la littérature existante ainsi que sur les expériences vécues dans les villes membres du C40, ce rapport vient compléter les données de plus en plus conséquentes concernant la mobilisation du financement des pertes et dommages par les gouvernements nationaux, les bailleurs de fonds privés et les acteurs du développement multilatéral. Il le fait principalement en présentant l'échelle urbaine des impacts climatiques et en donnant des exemples clés d' actions et du leadership des villes du C40. Il porte à la fois sur les pertes économiques et non économiques, et sur les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, qu'ils soient rapides ou plus lents. S'appuyant sur la reconnaissance croissante des pertes et dommages liés au climat et sur les appels à une action locale, ce rapport vise à créer une compréhension commune de la manière dont les pertes et dommages sont vécus dans les zones urbaines, des solutions existantes que les gouvernements locaux mettent en Åuvre, et des lacunes et besoins spécifiques qui existent, afin d'accéder à un financement spécifique pour les pertes et dommages, fourni à grande échelle.Â

A Therapeutic Chemical Chaperone Inhibits Cholera Intoxication and Unfolding/Translocation of the Cholera Toxin A1 Subunit

Cholera toxin (CT) travels as an intact AB(5) protein toxin from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of an intoxicated cell. In the ER, the catalytic A1 subunit dissociates from the rest of the toxin. Translocation of CTA1 from the ER to the cytosol is then facilitated by the quality control mechanism of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Thermal instability in the isolated CTA1 subunit generates an unfolded toxin conformation that acts as the trigger for ERAD-mediated translocation to the cytosol. In this work, we show by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy that exposure to 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) inhibited the thermal unfolding of CTA1. This, in turn, blocked the ER-to-cytosol export of CTA1 and productive intoxication of either cultured cells or rat ileal loops. In cell culture studies PBA did not affect CT trafficking to the ER, CTA1 dissociation from the holotoxin, or functioning of the ERAD system. PBA is currently used as a therapeutic agent to treat urea cycle disorders. Our data suggest PBA could also be used in a new application to prevent or possibly treat cholera

Plasmid-encoded toxin of Escherichia coli cleaves complement system proteins and inhibits complement-mediated lysis in vitro

Plasmid-encoded toxin (Pet) is an autotransporter protein of the serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) family, important in the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli. The pet gene was initially found in the enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) virulence plasmid, pAA2. Although this virulence factor was initially described in EAEC, an intestinal E. coli pathotype, pet may also be present in other pathotypes, including extraintestinal pathogenic strains (ExPEC). The complement system is an important defense mechanism of the immune system that can be activated by invading pathogens. Proteases produced by pathogenic bacteria, such as SPATEs, have proteolytic activity and can cleave components of the complement system, promoting bacterial resistance to human serum. Considering these factors, the proteolytic activity of Pet and its role in evading the complement system were investigated. Proteolytic assays were performed by incubating purified components of the complement system with Pet and Pet S260I (a catalytic site mutant) proteins. Pet, but not Pet S260I, could cleave C3, C5 and C9 components, and also inhibited the natural formation of C9 polymers. Furthermore, a dose-dependent inhibition of ZnCl2-induced C9 polymerization in vitro was observed. E. coli DH5α survived incubation with human serum pre-treated with Pet. Therefore, Pet can potentially interfere with the alternative and the terminal pathways of the complement system. In addition, by cleaving C9, Pet may inhibit membrane attack complex (MAC) formation on the bacterial outer membrane. Thus, our data are suggestive of a role of Pet in resistance of E. coli to human serum

A Therapeutic Chemical Chaperone Inhibits Cholera Intoxication and Unfolding/Translocation of the Cholera Toxin A1 Subunit

Cholera toxin (CT) travels as an intact AB5 protein toxin from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of an intoxicated cell. In the ER, the catalytic A1 subunit dissociates from the rest of the toxin. Translocation of CTA1 from the ER to the cytosol is then facilitated by the quality control mechanism of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Thermal instability in the isolated CTA1 subunit generates an unfolded toxin conformation that acts as the trigger for ERAD-mediated translocation to the cytosol. In this work, we show by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy that exposure to 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) inhibited the thermal unfolding of CTA1. This, in turn, blocked the ER-to-cytosol export of CTA1 and productive intoxication of either cultured cells or rat ileal loops. In cell culture studies PBA did not affect CT trafficking to the ER, CTA1 dissociation from the holotoxin, or functioning of the ERAD system. PBA is currently used as a therapeutic agent to treat urea cycle disorders. Our data suggest PBA could also be used in a new application to prevent or possibly treat cholera

Desnutrición: Actualización científica en enfermería

Malnutrition has been a persistent problem throughout history, despite advances in agriculture, the food industry and medical technology. Even today, millions of people around the world continue to suffer from hunger and malnutrition. This book aims to explore various issues related to undernutrition, including its causes, such as lack of access to nutritious food, poverty, food insecurity, lack of nutrition education and other social and economic factors that are directly related to undernutrition. In addition, the consequences of malnutrition, such as stunting, muscle weakness, decreased immunity, chronic diseases and infant mortality, will be examined. In essence, this book on malnutrition serves as a call to action for all members of global society to take responsibility and contribute to the fight against malnutrition. It is not a situation that can be addressed by governments or international organizations alone, but requires the collective commitment of society to ensure that everyone has access to adequate food and can enjoy a healthy and fulfilling life. This book, which outlines the main advances in programmes, care, tactics and elements related to undernutrition and malnutrition, not only in our nation but also globally, seeks to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for generating knowledge and, potentially, spearheading tactics that will lead to diminishing this dilemma in our environment. Rosa Gabriela EspaderoLa malnutrición ha sido un problema persistente a lo largo de la historia, a pesar de los avances logrados en la agricultura, la industria alimentaria y la tecnología médica. Incluso hoy en día, millones de personas en todo el mundo siguen padeciendo hambre y malnutrición. Este libro tiene como objetivo explorar varios temas relacionados con la desnutrición, incluidas sus causas, como la falta de acceso a alimentos nutritivos, la pobreza, la inseguridad alimentaria, la falta de educación nutricional y otros factores sociales y económicos que están directamente relacionados con la desnutrición. Además, se examinarán las consecuencias de la malnutrición, como el retraso en el crecimiento, la debilidad muscular, la disminución de la inmunidad, las enfermedades crónicas y la mortalidad infantil. En esencia, este libro sobre la malnutrición sirve como un llamado a la acción para que todos los miembros de la sociedad mundial asuman su responsabilidad y contribuyan a la lucha contra la malnutrición. No se trata de una situación que puedan abordar únicamente los gobiernos o las organizaciones internacionales, sino que exige el compromiso colectivo de la sociedad para garantizar que todos tengan acceso a una alimentación adecuada y puedan disfrutar de una vida sana y plena. La presente obra, que expone los principales avances en los programas, la atención, las tácticas y los elementos relacionados con la desnutrición y la desnutrición, no solo en nuestra nación sino también a nivel mundial, busca proporcionar bases teóricas y científicas para generar conocimiento y, potencialmente, encabezar tácticas que conduzcan a disminuir este dilema en nuestro entorno   Rosa Gabriela Espader

Electric field assisted recrystallization of hydroxyapatite nanoribbons

La hidroxiapatita [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp] es el componente biomineral principal encontrado en tejidos óseos como dientes y huesos. Desde hace varias décadas, se ha obtenido HAp sintética que presenta excelente biocompatibilidad, bioactividad y osteoconductividad, para ser utilizada en una gran variedad de aplicaciones biomédicas como remplazo en defectos de hueso, agente de suministro de fármacos y recubrimiento bioactivo en implantes metálicos y en materiales dentales; además, resulta de gran interés utilizar la HAp como agente de contraste para tomar imágenes de resonancia magnética, rayos X y termografía infrarroja, mediante su dopaje con iones de tierras raras, así como su uso para acelerar la regeneración ósea, polarizando su superficie. En este trabajo se utilizó el método hidrotermal para sintetizar nanoestructuras de HAp las cuales fueron recristalizadas mediante la aplicación de un campo eléctrico de corriente alterna (AC) en microelectrodos de Au, fabricados por erosión con iones de Ga3+. Las nanoestructuras compuestas por la red cristalina hexagonal de HAp, con HAp deficiente en calcio como fase predominante, presentaron una alta cristalinidad, y revelaron una morfología en forma de cintas delgadas con longitudes de 0.5 a 1 μm y anchuras entre 10 y 100 nm. Los análisis de composición elemental demostraron la deficiencia en calcio de las nanocintas de HAp, la cual resultó ser mayor en la superficie de las mismas. Los resultados de fotoluminiscencia (PL) y catodoluminiscencia (CL) en el rango visible de dichas nanocintas comprobó la presencia de vacancias de calcio e iones hidroxilo en la red de HAp, así como los resultados de CL en el rango infrarrojo cercano (NIR) evidenciaron la presencia de vacancias de oxígeno en los grupos fosfato de la estructura de HAp. La recristalización de las nanocintas de HAp provocó una disminución de la deficiencia en calcio, generando un cambio en su morfología que dio lugar a la formación de prismas micrométricos compactos. Se demostró que al polarizar las nanocintas con el campo eléctrico AC aplicado mediante los microelectrodos, se produce la coalescencia de las mismas además de un efecto de recocido de defectos puntuales tipo vacancias de calcio (VCa). Este efecto fue posteriormente corroborado por los espectros de PL, donde la señal atribuida a VCa disminuyó en intensidad, mientras que la señal asociada a vacancias de hidroxilos aumentó. Asimismo, los resultados de CL apoyaron lo anterior ya que la intensidadHydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp] is the principal biomineral component found in bone tissue like teeth and bones. For several decades, synthetic HAp with excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconductivity, has been obtained and used for a great variety of biomedical applications such as a replacement for bone defects, a drug delivery agent and a bioactive coating on metallic osseous implants and dental materials; also, it is of great interest to use HAp to acquire contrast-enhanced images from magnetic resonance, X-ray and near-infrared reflection imaging, when doped with rare-earth ions, as well as its use to accelerate bone regeneration, by polarizing its surface. In this work, HAp nanostructures were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and then recrystallized through an alternating current (AC) electric field applied to Au microelectrodes, fabricated by Ga3+ ions erosion. The nanostructures composed by the HAp hexagonal crystal lattice, with calcium deficient HAp as the predominant phase, showed a high crystallinity and revealed a thin ribbon type morphology with lengths from 0.5 to 1 μm and widths between 10 and 100 nm. Elemental composition analysis demonstrated the calcium deficiency in HAp nanoribbons, which resulted to be higher on their surface. Photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) results for the nanoribbons in the visible range, prove the presence of calcium and hydroxyl ions vacancies in the HAp lattice, as well as the CL results in the near-infrared (NIR) range showed the presence of oxygen vacancies in the phosphate groups of the HAp structure. The recrystallization of the HAp nanoribbons induced a reduction of calcium deficiency, resulting in a morphology change leading to the formation of compact micrometric prisms. It was demonstrated that by polarizing the nanoribbons applying an AC electric field through the microelectrodes, a coalescence between them is produced, followed by an annealing of the calcium vacancies (VCa) point defects. This effect was then corroborated by PL results, where the intensity decreased for the signal attributed to VCa, while there was an intensity increase for the signal associated to hydroxyl ions vacancies. Likewise, CL results supported the above since the emission intensity was significantly affected, suggesting a decrease in the total concentration of defects present in the HAp when recrystallized by the applied AC electric field. Finally, CL results in the near-infrare