: Retours et attentes d'expérimentations en Learning Analytics

International audienceIn this paper, we aim to explore ways of transformations of the new techno-culture that will become essential to appropriate two emerging technologies closely related: Big-datas and Datas Analytics. We discuss as well the history of big-datas and statistical analysis but also their digital pre-warning. In terms of multivariate statistical analysis, we discuss the epistemological issues but also ethical Copernican reversal caused by this analysis (discussed Benzécri / Bourdieu). The questions to being techno-digital, closely related with human intelligence, it also upset by its implementation collaborative networks, are quickly raised (Heidegger, Simondon, Derrida and the current bibliography). We conclude by stating the close involvement of our ITEN-UNESCO Chair for ISO standardization of ICT and Learning Analytics standardization project that just opened. We also present our project Muren HD (digital humanities involving crowdsourcing synergy for education, research and heritage in a culturally Euro-Mediterranean context); a project that is part of education-research-project IDEFI Créatic.Dans ce papier nous visons à explorer des pistes de transformations de la nouvelle technoculture qui nous deviendra indispensable pour nous approprier deux technologies émergentes étroitement associées : les Big-datas et les Datas Analytics. Nous évoquons notamment l'histoire des big-datas et de l'analyse statistique, mais aussi de leurs avant-coureurs pré-numériques. Pour ce qui est de l'analyse statistique multidimensionnelle nous discutons les questions épistémologiques, mais aussi éthiques provoquées par ce retournement copernicien de l'analyse (discussion Benzécri/Bourdieu). Les questions de l'être techno-numérique et de son rapport d'année en année plus étroit avec l'intelligence humaine, elle aussi bouleversée par sa mise en réseaux collaboratifs, sont rapidement évoquées (Heidegger, Simondon, Derrida et la bibliographie actuelle). Nous concluons en faisant état de l'étroite participation de notre Chaire ITEN-Unesco à la normalisation ISO des TICE et du chantier de normalisation des Learning Analytics qui vient de s'ouvrir. Nous présentons aussi notre projet HD Muren (Humanités digitales mettant en synergie participative éducation, recherche et patrimoines dans un contexte culturellement euro-méditerranéen) ; un projet qui s'inscrit dans le cadre à projet d'enseignement-recherche Idéfi-Créatic. Abstract: In this paper, we aim to explore ways of transformations of the new techno-culture that will become essential to appropriate two emerging technologies closely related: Big-datas and Datas Analytics. We discuss as well the history of big-datas and statistical analysis but also their digital pre-warning. In terms of multivariate statistical analysis, we discuss the epistemological issues but also ethical Copernican reversal caused by this analysis (discussed Benzécri / Bourdieu). The questions to being techno-digital, closely related with human intelligence, it also upset by its implementation collaborative networks, are quickly raised (Heidegger, Simondon, Derrida and the current bibliography). We conclude by stating the close involvement of our ITEN-UNESCO Chair for ISO standardization of ICT and Learning Analytics standardization project that just opened. We also present our project Muren HD (digital humanities involving crowdsourcing synergy for education, research and heritage in a culturally Euro-Mediterranean context); a project that is part of education-research-project IDEFI Créatic

Les disparités culturelles et linguistiques de la Francophonie comme atout de son développement technologique en communication et en éducation

International audienceIn a world characterized by cultural and linguistic diversities, the French language community has always acted in symbiosis with the local languages and cultures of its geopolitical area. The Agency of French speaking Universities (AUF), an important academic actor in the field of education and research for many emerging countries, performs a strategic role in the field of e-Learning standardization defending the French language peculiarities in the international educational standardisation contexts and promoting its close cooperation and exchange with cultural and linguistic diversities of its international partners. This paper highlights some results of seven years of active contribution of AUF delegation to ISO Subcommittee 36 (SC36) charged with international e-Learning standards development. Our contribution to the work of SC36, has demonstrated the strategic importance of defending the cultural and linguistic diversities of all partner languages of AUF as a step against the world digital divide. We are intenting to bridge the selective and realtively closed framework of e-Learning standards and the emerging world e-learning communities through technical and research connectors. These principles must obviously go beyond the wishful thinking and be converted into concrete implementation of projects, strategies and actions. This is particularly the case of AUF delegation to SC36 with the creation of events and development of tools and resources that reinforce our positions into the ISO standards development for Information Technologies for Learning, Education and Training (ITLET). We conclude by the need for these projects to be subscribed within a framework of collaboration taking the French speaking world as a pragmatically concrete construction of these synergies.Dans un monde marqué par des disparités culturelles et linguistiques, la francophonie agit depuis sa création dans une optique de partenariat avec les langues et les cultures de son aire géopolitique. L'AUF, acteur universitaire de la francophonie dans le domaine de l'enseignement et de la recherche, s'acquitte d'une mission stratégique dans le domaine de la normalisation de la formation à distance en défendant les particularités francophones dans les instances internationales de la normalisation sur la base d'une disparité culturelle et linguistique qui la caractérise. Cet document rend compte des aboutissements de 7 années de participation à la normalisation de l'e-Learning notamment en tant que délégation de l'AUF auprès de l'ISO-SC36 (sous comité chargé de la normalisation et de l'interopérabilité des TICE). Notre suivi des travaux de cette instance, démontre l'importance de mettre en avant les disparités culturelles et linguistiques comme autant de richesses cognitives ouvertes par les diverses langues partenaires de la Francophonie. Ces pétitions de principes doivent évidement dépasser le stade du vœu pieu et être concrètement mise en œuvre dans des actions. C'est notamment le cas de notre participation à la création d'événements renforçant nos positions dans le dispositif d'élaboration des normes ISO des TICE. Nous conclurons sur la nécessité pour ces projets de s'inscrire dans un cadre de collaboration prenant la Francophonie comme un niveau pragmatiquement concret de construction de ces synergies mais en s'inscrivant dans des horizons obligatoirement plus vastes dans des alliances avec les cultures linguistiques historiques et nouvelles entrantes dans le développement de la mondialisation

The Signal Sequence of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Contains an Immunodominant Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope That Is Restricted by both H-2Dband H-2KbMolecules

AbstractInfection of H-2bmice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) generates three well-characterized H-2Db-restricted immunodominant epitopes delineated in the NP, GP1, and GP2 proteins. Here we report that the H-2Db-restricted GP1 epitope GP33-41/43 (KAVYNFATC/GI) located in the signal sequence of LCMV is also the immunodominant epitope recognized by CTL at the surface of the same infected cells in the context of H-2Kbrestriction. The GP1 epitope bound to H-2Dband H-2Kbmolecules with comparable affinities. The respective binding processes involved different sets of peptide anchoring residues and required dramatically different conformations of the peptide backbone as well as rearrangement of residue side chains. The 10-mer peptide GP34-43 (AVYNFATCGI) was the optimal H-2Kb-binding sequence and the 8-mer peptide GP34-41 (AVYNFATC) the minimal sequence for optimal H-2Kb-restricted CTL recognition. Comparison of lytic activities of primary splenic anti-LCMV CTL from C57BL/6 (Db+/Kb+), B10A.[5R] (Db−/Kb+), and B10A.[2R] (Db+/Kb−) mice against LCMV-infected or peptide-coated target cells expressing either one or the two MHC alleles revealed that the H-2Kb-restricted component of the anti-GP1 CTL response was mounted independently of but as efficiently as its H-2Dbcounterpart. Analysis of the immune response against a GP1 variant that escapes CTL recognition showed that the GP1 epitope: (i) was likely the only immunodominant LCMV epitope in the context of H-2Kb, and (ii) could efficiently evade H-2Dband H-2Kb-restricted CTL mediated lysis

Electron microscopy analysis of FcRγ localization after its capture by T cells by trogocytosis

T cells acquire various proteins from their cellular partners by the process of trogocytosis. We recently demonstrated that the FcγRIIIA receptor and its associated FcRγ are captured by T cells during their co-culture with FcγR-expressing target cells upon both antigen- or antibody-mediated stimulation. Interestingly, we found that FcR captured by T cells could bind ligands but did not transmit detectable intracellular signals or signaling-depending functions upon ligand binding suggesting their improper integration in the recipient T cell membrane. In this study, we provide morphological data in support of this hypothesis. Indeed, we show that the FcRγ-subunit, which we used as a fusion to GFP, was clearly present at the plasma membrane of donor cells, but was detected within structures that were in close contact of, but apparently not integrated in, the plasma membrane of recipient T cells

Langages structurés et lien social

Dans cet article les auteurs proposent une approche critique de l’interactivité à travers l’utilisation des langages à balises et des cadres d’application (frameworks). Depuis une vingtaine d’année ces langages réorganisent l’aménagement d’une interactivité pour le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Pour ce faire, normalisateurs, auteurs, utilisateurs s’organisent dans des collèges de gouvernance afin d’aménager l’évolution de ces langages. Cette socialisation devient un des leviers incontournable du développement des systèmes communicants.In this article, the authors propose a critical approach to interactivity through the use of markup languages and application frameworks. For twenty years, these languages have been reorganizing how interactivity is laid out in the development of information and communication technologies. Setters of standards, authors, users are organized into colleges of  governance in order  to design the evolution of these languages. This socialization is one of the essential levers of development of communicating systems.En este artículo los autores proponen un enfoque crítico de la interactividad a través del uso de balizas y de marcos de aplicación (frameworks). Desde hace veinte años, estos lenguajes habilitan y reorganizan la interacción para el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación. Para ello, los creadores, los usuarios y quienes crean estándares, se organizan en organismos de gobernaza con el fin de organizar la evolución de esos lenguajes. La socialización así creada constituye una de los potenciadores esenciales del desarrollo de los sistemas comunicantes

Le balisage normalisé des concepts et documents en liaison avec les normes de l'EAD

International audienceDans ce papier, nous tenterons d'analyser comment peut se concevoir à distance la quasi-totalité des activités d'enseignement-recherche qui caractérisent un troisième cycle y compris sa phase de production doctorale. Nous nous attacherons à montrer comment certaines normes et standards des technologies de l'information se complètent pour répondre aux fonctionnalités de la gestion, d’aménagement de travail pédagogique sur des documents, des concepts, des références appartenant à des disciplines d'une faculté d'art, lettres et sciences humaines. Nous nous appuierons sur les travaux entrepris à l'université Paris-VIII, à la MSH Paris Nord et au Loria en concordance avec nos activités d’expert en normalisation

Could CD4 Capture by CD8+ T Cells Play a Role in HIV Spreading?

CD8+ T cells have been shown to capture plasma membrane fragments from target cells expressing their cognate antigen, a process termed “trogocytosis”. Here, we report that human CD4, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) receptor, can be found among the proteins transferred by trogocytosis. CD4 is expressed in a correct orientation after its capture by CD8+ T cells as shown by its detection using conformational antibodies and its ability to allow HIV binding on recipient CD8+ T cells. Although we could not find direct evidence for infection of CD8+ T cells having captured CD4 by HIV, CD4 was virologically functional on these cells as it conferred on them the ability to undergo syncytia formation induced by HIV-infected MOLT-4 cells. Our results show that acquisition of CD4 by CD8+ T cells via trogocytosis could play a previously unappreciated role for CD8+ T cells in HIV spreading possibly without leading to their infection

Substitution of the α-lactalbumin transcription unit by a CAT cDNA within a BAC clone silenced the locus in transgenic mice without affecting the physically linked Cyclin T1 gene

We recently reported that a goat bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone conferred site-independent expression in transgenic mice of the two loci present within its insert, the ubiquitously expressed Cyclin T1 and the mammary specific β-lactalbumin (αlac) genes. To assess if this vector could target mammary-restricted expression of cDNA, the CAT ORF was introduced by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli in place of the αlac transcription unit. The insert of this modified BAC was injected into mice and three transgenic lines were derived. None of these lines expressed the CAT gene suggesting that the use of long genomic inserts is not sufficient to support the expression of intron-less transgenes. The physically linked goat Cyclin T1 locus was found to be active in all three lines. This observation reinforced the hypothesis that the two loci are localised in two separate chromatin domains

Substitution of the ?-lactalbumin transcription unit by a CAT cDNA within a BAC clone silenced the locus in transgenic mice without affecting the physically linked Cyclin T1 gene

We recently reported that a goat bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone conferred site-independent expression in transgenic mice of the two loci present within its insert, the ubiquitously expressed Cyclin T1 and the mammary specific $\alpha$-lactalbumin ($\alpha$lac) genes. To assess if this vector could target mammary-restricted expression of cDNA, the CAT ORF was introduced by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli in place of the $\alpha$lac transcription unit. The insert of this modified BAC was injected into mice and three transgenic lines were derived. None of these lines expressed the CAT gene suggesting that the use of long genomic inserts is not sufficient to support the expression of intron-less transgenes. The physically linked goat Cyclin T1 locus was found to be active in all three lines. This observation reinforced the hypothesis that the two loci are localised in two separate chromatin domains