Seroprevalence And Risk Factors For Hiv Infection Among Incarcerated Men In Sorocaba, Brazil

We describe prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among 1,059 inmates in two prisons in Sorocaba, Brazil. Sociodemographics, prison history, and sexual and drug exposures were assessed by interviewer- administered questionnaire. HIV infection was detected in 115 (12.6%) inmates. Seroprevalence was 35% among those with a history of IDU (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 5.58-23.5). Sex with female visitors was reported by 66%, and homosexual practices with other inmates by 10%. Independent predictors of HIV infection were age <35 years (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.4), birthplace (natives of Sorocaba; OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.8), and number of previous incarcerations (≥l compared to 0) (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.07-2.7). Prevalence of HIV infection among these inmates is comparable to rates in metropolitan Sao Paulo and other prison populations internationally. The use of injecting drugs is the most important risk exposure in this population. These findings indicate an urgent need to institute prevention programs for this population both inside and outside prisons.41121128Brewer, D., AIDS in prison: A review of epidemiology and preventive policy (1992) AIDS, 6, pp. 623-628Cappoccia, A., Ranieri, R., Busnelli, M., Passaretti, B., Milella, M.A., Vechi, L., Serological study of the prevalence of HIV, HBV and false positive VDRL infections in a penal institution (1991) Minerva Medicine, 82, pp. 125-130Coscina, L.A., (1992) Research on HIV-1 and HIV-2 Antibody among Brazilian Prisoners, , MPH Thesis, Escola Paulista de MedicinaDiaz, R.S., Kallas, E.G., Castelo, A., Rawal, B., Busch, M.P., Use of a new "less-sensitive EIA" testing strategy to identify recently infected persons in a Brazilian prison: Estimation of incidence and epidemiological tracing (1999) AIDS, 13, pp. 1417-1418Franco, A.S., Silva-Junior, J., Bethano, L.C., (1993) Penal Code and Its Legal Interpretation, , Sao Paulo: Revista do Tribunals LtdaGaiter, J., Doll, S.L., Editorial: Improving HIV/AIDS prevention in prisons is a good public health policy (1996) American Journal of Public Health, 86, pp. 1201-1203Goldberg, D., Taylor, A., Mcgregor, J., Davis, B., Wrench, J., Gruer, L., A lasting public health response to an outbreak of HIV infection in a Scottish prison? (1998) International Journal of STD and AIDS, 9, pp. 25-30Kallas, E.G., Varella, D., Ceneviva, C.A., Casteli, A., HIV seroprevalence and risk factors in a Brazilian prison (1998) BJID, 2, pp. 197-204Martin, V., Bayas, J.M., Laliga, A., Pumarola, T., Vidal, J., Jimenez De Anta, M.T., Salleras, L., Seroepidemiology of HIV-1 infection in a Catalonian penitentiary (1990) AIDS, 4, pp. 1023-1026(1997) Epidemiological Bulletin on AIDS, , August(1999) Epidemiological Bulletin on AIDS, , FebruaryMuller, R., Stark, K., Holzmann, G.I., Wirth, D., Bienzle, U., Imprisonment: A risk factor for HIV infection counteracting education and prevention programs for intravenous drug users (1995) AIDS, 9, pp. 183-190Pont, J., Strutz, H., Kahl, W., Salzner, G., HIV epidemiology and risk behavior promoting HIV transmission in Austrian prisons (1994) Euopean Journal of Epidemiology, 10, pp. 285-289Rotily, M., Galinier-Pujol, A., Obadia, Y., Moatti, J.P., Toubiana, P., Vernay-Vaisse, C., Gastaut, J.A., HIV testing, HIV infection and associated risk factors among inmates in southeastern French prisons (1994) AIDS, 8, pp. 1341-1344Rozman, M., Massad, E., Silveira, A.S., Azevedo-Neto, R.S., Takey, K., Yamamoto, Y.I., Strazza, L., Burattini, M.N., HIV/AIDS in a Brazilian prison (1998) International Journal of STD and AIDS, 9, pp. 183-186(1998) Epidemiological Information, 1998, pp. 1-2(1999) Stata Statistical Software: Release 6.0, , College Station, TX: Stata CorporationTaylor, A., Goldberg, D., Emslie, J., Wrench, J., Gruer, L., Cameron, S., Black, J., McGavigan, J., Outbreak of infection in a Scottish prison (1995) British Medical Journal, 310, pp. 289-294Thomas, A.P., Moerings, M., (1994) AIDS in Prison, , Aldershot, UKDartmouth PressVarella, D., A detention facility - Focus of the AIDS virus (1991) The State of Sao Paulo, BrazilVlahov, D., HIV-1 infection in the correctional setting (1992) NIDA Research Monograph, 118, pp. 51-61Vlahov, D., Brewer, F., Munoz, A., Hall, D., Taylor, E., Polk, F., Temporal trends of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) infection among inmates entering a statewide prison system, 1985-1987 (1989) Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2, pp. 283-290Vlahov, D., Brewer, T.F., Castro, K.G., Narkunas, J.P., Salive, M.E., Ullrich, J., Munoz, A., Prevalence of antibody to HIV among entrants to US correctional facilities (1991) Journal of the American Medical Association, 265, pp. 1129-1132Weisfuse, I.B., Greenberg, B.L., Back, S.D., Makki, H.A., Thomas, P., Rooney, W.C., Rautenberg, E.L., HIV-1 infection among New York City inmates (1991) AIDS, 5, pp. 1133-113

Temperature-dependent development of Xyleborus fornicatus (Coleoptera : Scolytidae), the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka: Implications for distribution and abundance

The effect of temperature on the rate of development of Xyleborus fornicatus (Eichh.) was determined by rearing individuals under a range of constant temperatures (15 -32 degrees C). Rates of development changed in a linear fashion over a wide range of temperatures. Estimates of lower development thresholds were obtained for eggs (15.7 +/- 0.50 degrees C), larvae (15.8 +/- 0.8 degrees C) and pupae (14.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C) and the degree days (DD) for development were 70 +/- 4.4, 95 +/- 8.5 and 72 +/- 5.1 DD, respectively. Optimum temperature for development was around 30 degrees C for all stages. Temperature fluctuation in cooler High Country areas (above 1400 m) with a mean temperature around 15 degrees C seems to be critical for the development of the pest, which may be responsible for the near absence of pest in those areas. Temperature fluctuations (18-30 degrees C) in the Mid Country region (600-1200 m) favor the development of the pest compared to development under constant conditions. The altitudinal distribution of the shot-hole borer across tea growing areas in Sri Lanka is, therefore, mainly governed by temperature

Evaluation of different models to describe egg and pupal development of Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka

Abstract Development data of eggs and pupae of Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka, at constant temperatures were used to evaluate a linear and seven nonlinear models for insect development. Model evaluation was based on fit to data (residual sum of squares and coefficient of determination or coefficient of nonlinear regression), number of measurable parameters, the biological value of the fitted coefficients and accuracy in the estimation of thresholds. Of the nonlinear models, the Lactin model fitted experimental data well and along with the linear model, can be used to describe the temperature-dependent development of this species