Migration experiences and reported commercial and non-commercial sexual behaviors among newly diagnosed HIV infections in China: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Migration is known to influence human health. China has a high migration rate and a significant number of people who are HIV-positive, but little is known about how these factors intersect in sexual risk behaviors. Objective This study aimed to explore sexual risk behaviors between migrants and non-migrants among newly diagnosed HIV infections, and assess the changes of sexual risk behaviors with length of stay in the current city of migrants. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire was conducted among people newly diagnosed with HIV from July 2018 to December 2020 who lived in Zhejiang Province. In the study, sexual risk behaviors included having multiple sexual partners and unprotected sexual behaviors (in commercial sexual behaviors, non-commercial sexual behaviors, heterosexual behaviors, and homosexual behaviors). Binary logistic regression models were employed to explore the influencing factors of sexual risk behaviors, measured by multiple sexual partners and unprotected sexual partners. Results A total of 836 people newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were incorporated in the study and 65.31% (546) were migrants. The percentages of non-commercial sexual behaviors among migrants were statistically higher than those of non-migrants. Commercial heterosexual behavior was higher among non-migrants compared with migrants. The proportion of study participants having unprotected sexual behaviors and multiple sexual partners with commercial/non-commercial partners was both higher among migrants compared with non-migrants. Among migrants, the likelihood of sexual risk behaviors in both commercial and non-commercial sex increased in the first 3 years and reduced after 10 years. Compared with non-migrants, migrants were statistically associated with multiple sexual partners [P = .007, odds ratio (OR) = 1.942]. However, migrants did not exhibit a significant difference in unprotected sexual behaviors compared with non-migrants. In addition, migrants aged between 18 and 45 years who relocated to the current city in the past 2–3 years tended to have multiple sexual partners (P < .05). Conclusions People newly diagnosed with HIV engaged in different sexual risk behaviors among migrants and non-migrants and more attention should be paid to migrants. For non-migrants, it is urgent to promote the prevention of commercial sexual behaviors. For migrants, prevention of non-commercial sexual behaviors and universal access to health care especially for new arrivals who migrated to the current city for 2–3 years are needed. Moreover, sexual health education and early HIV diagnosis are necessary for the entire population

Synthesis of mixed alcohols with enhanced C3+ alcohol production by CO hydrogenation over potassium promoted molybdenum sulfide

Alcohol mixtures with high C3+ alcohols content can enhance the performance of alcohol mixtures as a blend component in gasoline. Sulfur-resistant potassium promoted molybdenum sulfide (K-MoS2) catalysts enabled synthesizing mixed alcohols through CO hydrogenation. However, the liquid oxygenate selectivity and yield of K-MoS2 catalysts are usually low, and the alcohols follow the Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution, which means methanol and ethanol present the main liquid oxygenates. To achieve high liquid oxygenate selectivity and yield enhancing C3+ alcohol production, we designed multilayer K-MoS2 catalysts possessing a well-contacted MoS2 and KMoS2 phase, respectively. The reduced rim site exposure and the well-contacted MoS2-KMoS2 dual site induced by the multilayer structure enhance the chain growth through CHx β-addition and CO insertion. Accordingly, the observed higher alcohol formation deviates from the ASF distribution. By tailoring the K/Mo ratio, catalysts with varying composition of MoS2 and KMoS2 phases were obtained for suppressing the formation of hydrocarbons and CO2 effectively. An optimized production of liquid oxygenates with enhanced C3+ alcohol production under appropriate reaction temperature became possible. The optimized catalysts have liquid oxygenate selectivity and yield of 29.1–32.7% and 7.9–10.6%, respectively, yet with good stability. C3+ alcohols take up more than 46% (carbon atom fraction) in the liquid oxygenate. The C3+ alcohol yield reaches 3.6–5.1%

Enhanced C3+ alcohol synthesis from syngas using KCoMoSx catalysts: effect of the Co-Mo ratio on catalyst performance

K-Co-MoSx catalysts varying in Co content were prepared to investigate the role of Co in this catalyst formulation for the synthesis of C3+ alcohols from syngas. The Co-MoSx precursors and the best performing K-doped version were characterized in detail and the amount of active cobalt sulfide and mixed metal sulfide (Co-Mo-S) phases were shown to be a function of the Co content. The catalysts were tested in a continuous set-up at 360 °C, 8.7 MPa, a GHSV of 4500 mL g-1 h-1 and a H2/CO ratio of 1. The highest alcohol selectivity of 47.1%, with 61% in the C3+ range, was obtained using the K-Co-MoSx catalyst with a Co/(Co + Mo) molar ratio of 0.13. These findings were rationalized considering the amount and interactions between cobalt sulfide and Co-Mo-S or MoS2 phases. Process studies followed by statistical modeling gave a C3+ alcohol selectivity of 31.0% (yield of 9.2%) at a CO conversion of 29.8% at optimized conditions

Data_Sheet_1_A simple-to-use score system for predicting HBsAg clearance to peginterferon alfa-2b in nucleoside analogs-experienced chronic hepatitis B patients.docx

ObjectivePatients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often fail to achieve clearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with peginterferon treatment. Our study aimed to develop a simple-to-use scoring system to predict the likelihood of HBsAg clearance following treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b(PEG-IFN-α2b) in patients with CHB.MethodsA total of 231 patients were enrolled and divided into HBsAg clearance (n = 37) and non-HBsAg clearance (n = 194) groups. Multifactor logistic models were constructed using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis were used to evaluate the discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability of the predictive scoring system.ResultsFour clinical variables (age, baseline HBsAg level, HBsAg level decline at week 12, and alanine aminotransferase ratio at week 12) were independently associated with HBsAg clearance after PEG-IFN-α2b treatment and, therefore, were used to develop a predictive scoring system ranging from 0 to 13. The optimal cut-off value was >4, with a sensitivity of 86.49%, specificity of 72.16%, positive predictive value of 37.2%, negative predictive value of 96.6%, and an AUC of 0.872. This model exhibited good discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability. Among patients with scores  4 HBsAg clearance was achieved in 0.85, 14.29, and 37.21% of the patients, respectively.ConclusionThe scoring system could effectively predict the predominance of HBsAg clearance after PEG-IFN-α2b treatment in the early stage. This may be helpful when making clinical decisions for the treatment of patients with CHB.</p

Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Associated with the Emergence of the New GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Variant during the Epidemic of 2012/13 in Shenzhen City, China.

Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans worldwide. Since late 2012, a new GII.4 variant Sydney 2012 has caused a significant increase in NoV epidemics in several countries. From November of 2012 to January of 2013, three gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in two social welfare homes (Outbreaks A and B) and a factory (Outbreak C) in Shenzhen city of China. Feces and swabs were collected for laboratory tests for causative agents. While no bacterial pathogen was identified, all three outbreaks were caused by NoVs with detection rates of 26.2% (16/61) at Outbreak A, 35.2% (38/108) at Outbreak B), and 59.3% (16/27) at Outbreaks C. For Outbreak B, 25 of the 29 symptomatic individuals (86.2%) and 13 of the 79 asymptomatic individuals (16.5%) were found NoV-positive. For Outbreak C, an asymptomatic food handler was NoV-positive. All thirteen NoV sequences from the three outbreaks were classified into genogroup II and genotype 4 (GII.4), which we identified to be the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant. The genome of two isolates from Outbreaks A and B were recombinant with the opening reading frame (ORF) 1 of GII.4 Osaka 2007 and ORF2 and 3 of the GII.4 New Orleans. Our study indicated that the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant emerged and caused the outbreaks in China

Phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequences encoding the partial capsid (281 bp) associated with NoV outbreaks.

<p>Strains from the three studied outbreaks are denoted in bold. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method (distance calculated by Kimura-2-parameter correction and pairwise deletion). Results were validated with 1,000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates.</p

Date of illness onset associated with NoV Outbreaks A–C during the 2012/13 winter season in Shenzhen, China.

<p>Date of illness onset associated with NoV Outbreaks A–C during the 2012/13 winter season in Shenzhen, China.</p

Floor distribution of gastroenteritis cases of Outbreak B.

<p>Floor distribution of gastroenteritis cases of Outbreak B.</p

Changes in the phylogenetic locations of ORF1 and ORF2.

<p>JB031230054 strain from Outbreak A; JB031230049 strain from Outbreak B.</p

Floor distribution of gastroenteritis cases of Outbreak C.

<p>Floor distribution of gastroenteritis cases of Outbreak C.</p