EHD-enhanced heat and mass transfer.

To study the mass transfer enhancement by the electric field, experiments have been conducted and the effects of corona wind (V0 = 14-20 kV), corona polarities (positive and negative), and cross-flow (ui = 2.2 m/s) on the evaporation rate of water have been carefully examined. Correlations have been proposed for the water evaporation rate under the application of electric field for both positive and negative corona polarities. Then, numerical models are developed for the electric, flow, and concentration fields. Numerical results have been compared with the experiment results and the agreement between them is found to be satisfactory.The present study has addressed some fundamental issues involved in the heat and mass transfer enhancement by electric field. To examine the heat transfer enhancement by the electric field, forced convection in a horizontal channel has been first numerically modeled using two-way coupling between the electric field and the fluid field. Heat transfer enhancement in the presence of electric field has been evaluated by employing both one-way and two-way coupling models. Numerical solutions have been obtained for a wide range of governing parameters (V0 = 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 17.5 kV as well as ui = 0.0759 to 1.2144 m/s). Since the difference in the results obtained by these two approaches is insignificant, it is concluded that the assumption of one-way coupling is valid. Then, the heat transfer enhancement by electric field is examined for natural convection in an enclosure with the effects of Joule heating. Numerical solutions have been obtained for three electrode locations and a wide range of governing parameters (Ra = 104, 105, and 106, and V 0 = 12, 15, and 18 kV). The results obtained show that the effects of Joule heating are negligible when the Rayleigh number is large (Ra ≥ 10 5). For a small Rayleigh number (Ra = 104), the effects of Joule heating are significant

Diabetes-associated neutrophil NETosis: pathogenesis and interventional target of diabetic complications

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are known as extracellular fibers networks consisting of antimicrobial proteins and decondensated chromatin DNA released by activated neutrophils. NETosis is a NETs-induced neutrophilic cell death which is unique from necrosis or apoptosis. Besides its neutralizing pathogen, NETosis plays a crucial role in diabetes and diabetes-related complications. In patients with diabetes, NETs-releasing products are significantly elevated in blood, and these findings confirm the association of NETosis and diabetic complications, including diabetic wound healing, diabetic retinopathy, and atherosclerosis. This article briefly summarizes the mechanisms of NETosis and discusses its contribution to the pathogenesis of diabetes-related complications and suggests new therapeutic targets by some small molecule compounds

Tumor-targeted delivery of sunitinib base enhances vaccine therapy for advanced melanoma by remodeling the tumor microenvironment

Development of an effective treatment against advanced tumors remains a major challenge for cancer immunotherapy. We have previously developed a potent mannose-modified lipid calcium phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle (NP)-based Trp2 vaccine for melanoma therapy, but because this vaccine can induce a potent anti-tumor immune response only during the early stages of melanoma, poor tumor growth inhibition has been observed in more advanced melanoma models, likely due to the development of an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To effectively treat this aggressive tumor, a multi-target receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib base, was efficiently encapsulated into a targeted polymeric micelle nano-delivery system (SUNb-PM), working in a synergistic manner with vaccine therapy in an advanced mouse melanoma model. SUNb-PM not only increased cytotoxic T-cell infiltration and decreased the number and percentage of MDSCs and Tregs in the TME, but also induced a shift in cytokine expression from Th2 to Th1 type while remodeling the tumor-associated fibroblasts, collagen, and blood vessels in the tumor. Additionally, inhibition of the Stat3 and AKT signaling pathways by SUNb-PM may induce tumor cell apoptosis or decrease tumor immune evasion. Our findings indicated that targeted delivery of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to tumors can be used in a novel synergistic way to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of existing immune-based therapies for advanced melanoma

Nanoparticle delivery of CDDO-Me remodels the tumor microenvironment and enhances vaccine therapy for melanoma

Lipid-calcium-phosphate nanoparticle (NP) delivery of Trp2 peptide vaccine is one of the most effective vaccine strategies against melanoma. However, due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the tumor, the achievement of potent immune responses remains a major challenge. NP delivery systems provide an opportunity to deliver chemotherapy agent to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and improve the vaccine activity. Anti-inflammatory triterpenoid methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) is a broad spectrum inhibitor of several signaling pathways that are important in both cancer cells and cells in the TME. Intravenous delivery of CDDO-Me using poly-lactic-glycolic-acid NP combination with subcutaneous Trp2 vaccine resulted in an increase of antitumor efficacy and apoptotic tumor tissue than Trp2 vaccine alone in B16F10 melanoma. There was a significant decrease of both Treg cells and MDSCs and a concomitant increase in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte infiltration in TEM of the vaccinated animals. Also, CDDO-Me remodeled the tumor associated fibroblasts, collagen and vessel in TME, meanwhile, enhanced the Fas signaling pathway which could sensitize the tumor cells for cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated killing. The combination of systemic induction of antigen-specific immune response using Trp2 nanovaccine and targeted modification of the TME with the NP delivered CDDO-Me offers a powerful combination therapy for melanoma

Body Mass Index Differences in the Gut Microbiota Are Gender Specific

Background: The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the development of obesity, but the influence of gender remains elusive. Using a large cohort of Chinese adults, our study aimed to identify differences in gut microbiota as a function of body mass index (BMI) and investigate gender specific features within these differences.Methods: Five hundred fifty-one participants were categorized as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese, based on their BMI. Fecal microbiome composition was profiled via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Generalized linear model (GLM), BugBase, PICRUSt, and SPIEC-EASI were employed to assess the variabilities in richness, diversity, structure, organism-level microbiome phenotypes, molecular functions, and ecological networks of the bacterial community that associated with BMI and sex.Results: The bacterial community of the underweight group exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity than other BMI groups. When stratified by gender, the pattern of alpha diversity across BMI was maintained in females, but no significant difference in alpha diversity was detected among the BMI groups of males. An enrichment of Fusobacteria was observed in the fecal microbiota of obese males, while obese females demonstrated an increased relative abundance of Actinobacteria. Analysis of microbial community-level phenotypes revealed that underweight males tend to have more anaerobic and less facultatively anaerobic bacteria, indicating a reduced resistance to oxidative stress. Functionally, butyrate-acetoacetate CoA-transferase was enriched in obese individuals, which might favor energy accumulation. PhoH-like ATPase was found to be increased in male obese subjects, indicating a propensity to harvest energy. The microbial ecological network of the obese group contained more antagonistic microbial interactions as well as high-degree nodes.Conclusion: Using a large Chinese cohort, we demonstrated BMI-associated differences in gut microbiota composition, functions, and ecological networks, which were influenced by gender. Results in this area have shown variability across several independent studies, suggesting that further investigation is needed to understand the role of the microbiota in modulating host energy harvest and storage, and the impact of sex on these functions

Draft genome sequence of the Tibetan antelope

The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) is endemic to the extremely inhospitable high-altitude environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a region that has a low partial pressure of oxygen and high ultraviolet radiation. Here we generate a draft genome of this artiodactyl and use it to detect the potential genetic bases of highland adaptation. Compared with other plain-dwelling mammals, the genome of the Tibetan antelope shows signals of adaptive evolution and gene-family expansion in genes associated with energy metabolism and oxygen transmission. Both the highland American pika, and the Tibetan antelope have signals of positive selection for genes involved in DNA repair and the production of ATPase. Genes associated with hypoxia seem to have experienced convergent evolution. Thus, our study suggests that common genetic mechanisms might have been utilized to enable high-altitude adaptation

LINC01354 interacting with hnRNP-D contributes to the proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer through activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified to play an important role in the development and progression of various tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the regulatory molecular mechanism by lncRNA in CRC initiation and progression has not been fully clarified. Methods TCGA database was used to identify the involvement of LINC01354 in CRC. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to determine RNA and protein expression. The gain- and loss-of-function assays were conducted to explore the function of LINC01354 in the progression of CRC. In order to investigate the LINC01354-mediated mRNA in CRC tumorigenesis, we applied the profiling analysis as well as GO and KEGG analysis. Pulldown and RIP assays were applied to detect the interaction of hnRNP-D with LINC01354 and β-catenin. Results The upregulation of LINC01354 in CRC and its prognostic significance were identified by TCGA database and confirmed in CRC tissues. Functionally, forced expression of LINC01354 promoted, while knockdown of LINC01354 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and EMT phenotype formation of CRC cells. A significant enrichment of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway genes under LINC01354 overexpression. In addition, LINC01354 modulated the mRNA stability of β-catenin through interacting with hnRNP-D, thereby activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Conclusions Our investigations proposed novel regulatory axis of LINC01354/hnRNP-D/Wnt/β-catenin, which might be in favor of exploring novel therapeutic regimens for the clinical treatment of CRC

A novel torque sensor based on the angle of magnetization vector

Abstract Torque is an important parameter of a mechanical power system, which reflects transmission efficiency, transmission reliability, and operating conditions of equipment. Torque monitoring is very important for real-time control and fault diagnosis of mechanical equipment. A torque measurement method based on the theory of magnetic effect is proposed for multipoint torque monitoring in shafting. A model of the deflection angle of the magnetization vector and torque is established based on the theory of magnetic equivalent. A non-contact signal extraction circuit based on hall sensor is designed, a torque loading experimental device is set up, and the torque calibration experiment is completed. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the torque measurement system is 17.7 mV/Nm, and the maximum nonlinear error is 0.77% full scale. The deflection angle of the magnetization vector has a good linear relation with the torque, which can be measured indirectly by the deflection angle. This method has the advantages of a simple device, strong anti-interference ability, and non-contact measurement. Because it is not necessary to do special treatment to the elastic shaft, it is convenient to form a non-contact torque sensing node, which can realize real-time monitoring of multipoint torque of shafting

Theoretical framework construction on care complexity in Chinese hospitals: A grounded theory study

Objectives: This study aims to construct a theoretical framework to analyze risk factors and explore hospital nurses’ perspectives on care complexity. Methods: The grounded theory method was adopted, and semi-structured in-depth interviews regarding the understanding of care complexity were conducted among the participants, including 31 nurses and nine doctors. In addition, data were coded and strictly analyzed in accordance with the coding strategy and requirements of grounded theory. Results: Our study reveals three factors that are closely related to care complexity, namely, (1) patient factors, including patients’ condition, age, self-care abilities, compliance, social support systems, psychological conditions, expectations, and requirements; (2) nursing staff factors, including work experiences, education, knowledge and operational skills of caring, and communication skills; and (3) organization and equipment factors, including nursing workforce, nursing workload, support from multidisciplinary teams and ancillary departments, and the conditions of medical and hospital services. Conclusions: This study defines care complexity on the basis of its factors. Care complexity refers to the difficulty of nursing tasks during patient care plan implementation, which are affected by patients, nurses, and other factors in nursing and multisectoral, multidisciplinary cooperation. The framework can be beneficial for nursing education and for the improvement of the quality and efficiency of clinical nursing practice. Keywords: Care complexity, Nursing theory, Qualitative research, Root cause analysi