2-Chloro-N-{5-[(4R,5R,10S)-dehydro­abiet-4-yl]-1,3,4-thia­diazol-2-yl}benzamide

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C28H32ClN3OS (systematic name: 2-chloro-N-{5-[(1R,4aS,10aR)-7-isopropyl-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octa­hydro­phenanthren-1-yl]-1,3,4-thia­diazol-2-yl}benzamide). In each mol­ecule, the cyclo­hexyl ring attached to the thia­diazole fragment adopts a classic chair conformation with two of its two methyl groups in the axial positions. In the crystal, pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers, which are further linked via C—H⋯π inter­actions

Up-down asymmetry measurement of tungsten distribution in large helical device using two extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometers

Two space-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectrometers working in wavelength ranges of 10-130 Å and 30-500 Å have been utilized to observe the full vertical profile of tungsten line emissions by simultaneously measuring upper- and lower-half plasmas of LHD, respectively. The radial profile of local emissivity is reconstructed from the measured vertical profile in the overlapped wavelength range of 30-130 Å and the up-down asymmetry is examined against the local emissivity profiles of WXXVIII in the unresolved transition array spectrum. The result shows a nearly symmetric profile, suggesting a good availability in the present diagnostic method for the impurity asymmetry study

Density evaluation of tungsten W24+, W25+, and W26+ ions using unresolved transition array at 27–34 Å in Large Helical Device

The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of a tungsten unresolved transition array (UTA) at 15–70 Å have been studied in Large Helical Device (LHD) by injecting a tungsten pellet. Vertical profiles of the UTA line are measured with a space-resolved EUV spectrometer. In our previous study, it has been found that the UTA line at wavelength intervals of 32.16–33.32, 30.69–31.71, and 29.47–30.47 Å is composed of a single ionization stage of W24+, W25+, and W26+, respectively. In this report, therefore, the densities of W24+, W25+, and W26+ ions are evaluated from the radial profile measured at the above-mentioned wavelength intervals. To evaluate ion density, the photon emission coefficients of W24+, W25+, and W26+ ions are calculated using a collisional-radiative (CR) model. The chord-integrated radial profile of UTA lines is converted to a local emissivity profile using the Abel inversion technique. The density profiles of W24+, W25+, and W26+ ions are thus obtained from the local emissivity profile and the photon emission coefficient in addition to the temperature and density profiles. The obtained density profile of the W24+ ion is analyzed in detail by investigating the dependences of the electron density and the number of tungsten particles injected by the tungsten pellet. The total tungsten ion density nW near ρ = 0.7 where the W24+ ion locates is also estimated from the W24+ ion density with fractional abundance in ionization equilibrium calculated with the Atomic Data and Analysis Structure (ADAS) code. The nW evaluated from the present CR model seems to be larger than that estimated from the number of tungsten particles injected by the pellet. Discussions are made with the nW evaluated from the photon emission coefficient in the CL version of the ADAS code

Observation of W IV–W VII line emissions in wavelength range of 495–1475 Å in the large helical device

Vacuum ultraviolet spectra of line emissions from tungsten ions at lower ionization stages have been measured in the large helical device (LHD) using a high-resolution 3 m normal incidence spectrometer in the wavelength range of 495–1475 Å. Tungsten was introduced in the LHD plasma by injecting a coaxial tungsten impurity pellet. Many tungsten lines of W IV–W VII were successfully observed in low-temperature plasmas just after the tungsten pellet injection. It is found that some W VI lines are emitted with extremely high intensity and entirely isolated from other intrinsic impurity lines, in particular, W VI at 605.926 Å (5d–6p), 639.683 Å (5d–6p), 677.722 Å (5d–6p), 1168.151 Å (6s–6p) and 1467.959 Å (6s–6p). The result strongly suggests that those lines may be useful for the spectroscopic study in ITER and other magnetic fusion devices with tungsten materials as the plasma facing component. The ion temperature was also measured from Doppler broadening of W V and W VI lines. The result indicates that the measured ion temperature is clearly higher than the ionization energy of such ions. The reason is discussed with regarding to the pellet injection

Multi-functional groups decorated composite nanofiber separator with excellent chemical stability in ester-based electrolyte for enhancing the lithium-ion transport

As various heat-resistant polymer separators come out, although they possess better thermal stability and superior affinity to liquid electrolyte than commercial polyolefin separator, the porous structure and chemical stability of these novel separators should be paid more attention. In this work, we prepare a thin polyacrylonitrile/cellulose acetate (PAN/CA) composite nanofiber separator and discuss the importance of chemical stability in the ester-based electrolyte. The addition of CA decreases the PAN/CA fiber diameter from 310 nm to 210 nm. However, CA containing a lot of ester groups is easy to be dissolved by liquid electrolyte for the property of similarity and compatibility. Hence, the obtained PAN/CA composite nanofiber separator is treated via alkaline hydrolysis process, and some ester groups are transformed to be hydroxyl groups. Noteworthily, hydroxyl-rich PAN/CA composite nanofiber separator not only remains stable in electrolyte, but also possesses an improved lithium-ion transport property for reducing concentration polarization effect. As a result, the LiCoO2/Li half cells employing the hydroxyl-rich composite nanofiber separator exhibits better capacity retention (118.5 mAh g -1 after 300 cycles) and superior rate performance (143.1 mAh g -1 at 3C). Therefore, this multi-functional groups decorated composite nanofiber separator with excellent chemical stability is a candidate for next-generation lithium-based battery

Observation of carbon impurity flow in the edge stochastic magnetic field layer of Large Helical Device and its impact on the edge impurity control

The parallel flow of carbon impurity in a thick stochastic magnetic field layer called the \u27ergodic layer\u27 located at the edge plasma of the Large Helical Device (LHD) is studied by space-resolved vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy, using a 3 m normal incidence spectrometer. A full vertical profile of C3+ impurity flow is evaluated from the Doppler shift of the second order of CIV line emission (2  ×  1548.20 Å) at a horizontally-elongated plasma position of LHD. The carbon flow at the top and bottom edges in the ergodic layer has the same direction toward the outboard side along the major radius direction. The observed flow quantitatively agrees with the simulation results calculated with a 3D simulation code, EMC3-EIRENE. It experimentally verifies the validity of edge parallel flow driving the impurity screening

Maltose and Totally Impermeable Film Enhanced Suppression of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Soilborne Pathogens and Increased Strawberry Yield

peer reviewe

Observation of whistler wave instability driven by temperature anisotropy of energetic electrons on EXL-50 spherical torus

Electromagnetic modes in the frequency range of 30-120MHz were observed in electron cyclotron wave (ECW) steady state plasmas on the ENN XuanLong-50 (EXL-50) spherical torus. These modes were found to have multiple bands of frequencies proportional to the Alfv\'en velocity. This indicates that the observed mode frequencies satisfy the dispersion relation of whistler waves. In addition, suppression of the whistler waves by the synergistic effect of Lower Hybrid Wave (LHW) and ECW was also observed. This suggests that the whistler waves were driven by temperature anisotropy of energetic electrons. These are the first such observations (not runaway discharge) made in magnetically confined toroidal plasmas and may have important implications for studying wave-particle interactions, RF wave current driver, and runaway electron control in future fusion devices

Vertical profiles and two-dimensional distributions of carbon line emissions from C2+−C5+ ions in attached and RMP-assisted detached plasmas of large helical device

In Large Helical Device (LHD), the detached plasma is obtained without external impurity gas feed by supplying an m/n = 1/1 resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field to a plasma with an outwardly shifted plasma axis position of Rax = 3.90 m where the magnetic resonance exists in the stochastic magnetic field layer outside the last closed flux surface. The plasma detachment is triggered by the appearance of an m/n = 1/1 island when the density, increased using hydrogen gas feed, exceeds a threshold density. The behavior of intrinsically existing impurities, in particular, carbon originating in the graphite divertor plates, is one of the important key issues to clarify the characteristic features of the RMP-assisted plasma detachment although the particle flux still remains on some divertor plates even in the detachment phase of the discharge. For this purpose, vertical profiles and two-dimensional (2-D) distributions of edge carbon emissions of CIII to CVI have been measured at extreme ultraviolet wavelength range, and the results are compared between attached and RMP-assisted detached plasmas. It is found that the CIII and CIV emissions located in the stochastic magnetic field layer are drastically increased near the m/n = 1/1 island O-point and in the vicinity of both inboard and outboard edge separatrix X-points during the RMP-assisted detachment, while those emissions are only enhanced in the vicinity of the outboard edge X-point in attached plasmas without RMP. The result clearly indicates a change in the magnetic field lines connecting to the divertor plates, which is caused by the growth of the m/n = 1/1 edge magnetic island. In contrast, the intensity of CVI emitted radially inside the magnetic island significantly decreases during the detachment, suggesting an enhancement of the edge impurity screening. The measured carbon distribution is analyzed with a three-dimensional edge plasma transport simulation code, EMC3-EIRENE, for the attached plasmas without RMP. It is found that the narrow strip-shaped impurity trace emitted along the edge X-point and its width are sensitive to the cross-field impurity diffusion coefficient, DZ⊥. As a result, the value of DZ⊥ of C3+ ions is evaluated to be 20 times larger than that of the bulk ions in the Rax = 3.90 m configuration, while the reason is unclear at present. The measured 2-D carbon distribution is also discussed and compared to the structure of the m/n = 1/1 magnetic island, which quickly expanded during the appearance of the plasma detachment