Rail break prediction and cause analysis using imbalanced in-service train data

Timely detection and identification of rail breaks are crucial for safety and reliability of railway networks. This paper proposes a new deep learning-based approach using the daily monitoring data from in-service trains. A time-series generative adversarial network (TimeGAN) is employed to mitigate the problem of data imbalance and preserve the temporal dynamics for generating synthetic rail breaks. A feature-level attention-based bidirectional recurrent neural networks (AM-BRNN) is proposed to enhance feature extraction and capture two-direction dependencies in sequential data for accurate prediction. The proposed approach is implemented on a three-year dataset collected from a section of railroads (up to 350 km) in Australia. A real-life validation is carried out to evaluate the prediction performance of the proposed model, where historical data is used to train the model and future ’unseen’ rail breaks along the whole track section are used for testing. The results show that the model can successfully predict 9 out of 11 rail breaks three months ahead of time with a false prediction of non-break of 8.2%. Predicting rail breaks three months ahead of time will provide railroads enough time for maintenance planning. Given the prediction results, SHAP method is employed to perform cause analysis for individual rail break. The results of cause analysis can assist railroads to plan appropriate maintenance to prevent rail breaks.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Railway Engineerin

模糊隨機變數上的收斂性質

[[abstract]]HUIBERT KWAKERNAAK於１９７８，１９７９年先後發表的兩篇文章中（見參考資料〔 ２〕，〔３〕，首先利用了模糊數（fuzzy number）對模糊隨機變數（fuzzy rando- m variable ）作了正式且嚴格的定義，指其為“一種隨機變數，但其對應域裡的值 已不再是實數了，而是模糊數。（Fuzzy random variabies arerandom variables whose values are not real,but fuzzy numbers. ） 在本文中，我們根據KWAKERNAAK的系統來探討模糊隨機變數的一些收斂性質。首先， 在第四章我們發現：已知兩收斂的模糊隨機變數序列｛X ｝，｛Y ｝，且其收斂值分 別為X，Y，則<１>序列｛aX ｝ 收斂（其中ａ R ），且其收斂值為a X(定理4-2) ; 若再加以適當的條件, 即可證得<2> 序列{X +Y } 收斂, 且其收斂值為X+Y ( 定理 4-1); <3> 序列{X . Y }收斂, 且收斂值為 X.Y。進而在第五章中，我們曾試圖導出 [E{X∣ }](φ)≦lim[E{X ∣ }](φ), φ Φ，再由本文中的" 定理５－２" 即可得 到 Lim[E{x ∣ }](φ)=[E+{X∣ }](φ), φ Φ， 但由於所要考慮的變數太多，以 致於所需的條件太強，於是乎我們退而求其次，只證得如定理５－３較弱的結果。後 來，有鑑於定理５－３的理論價值遠勝過實用價值，我們決定從另外一個角度來作探 討，因而得到了類似於“古典Conditional Fatou's Lemma” 的定理５－４及定理５ －６，並進而導出類似於“古典Conditional Monotone Convergence Theorem ” 的 定理５－５及類似於“古典Conditional Lebesgue Convergence Theorem ” 的定理 ５－７。

[[alternative]]Children’s Response On Fantastic Picture Books

[[abstract]]To understand the response of children of diverse ages on fantastic picture books, two books of this kind have been chosen as our target of research. The subjects under investigation range over five different age groups, from the second grade in the kindergarten to the third grade in the primary school. During the investigation, children were asked to read the books and tell a story, followed by a one-to-one talk between the investigator and the children. The results and findings are as following. Children’s reaction toward fantastic picture books Children in the second and third grade in the kindergarten will point out every single plot in the story that they thought to be unreasonable or contradictory to real life. Once in a while they laugh or smile. Children above first grade in primary school have less facial expression and less physical response. From their response, it is clear that when children encounter the part in the story that is contradictory to real life they feel puzzled. They will reveal their doubt and raise questions during the process of reading. Some children feel interested in finding the part in the story that is contradictory to real life, but others find those parts less easy to be accepted. Children’s explanation of the fantastic plot in the picture books Based on various answers from the children, the researcher has divided their explanations into five types. In the first type, children themselves will find an explanation to make the story reasonable. In the second type, children will say that magic plays a role and thus the plot in the story can possibly happen. Sometimes children will simply accept the story and does not feel anything strange. This is what happens in the third type. Or, as in the fourth type, children will say that the whole story is merely the author’s imagination, and it will not happen in the real world. In the fifth situation, children believe that the subjects in the story is dreaming or imagining and in fact such things did not happen at all. And we may further group children’s ways of explanation into three types based on their perspectives of the text. I. To believe the explanation in the text Sometimes children try to explain the fantastic plot in the story, but somehow they ignore the real situation in our life, and this is what happens in this first way of explanation. In this type, children will find various reasons to make the story make sense, sometimes through magical reasons and sometimes they just explain the story as what is shown in the picture books. II. To just out of the text （consider the relation between the story and reality） Some children, when they are trying to explain the fantastic plot in the story, will consider the relation between reality and story. This is what happens in the second type. Their explanations will be further grouped into two types. One is to say that the story is the author’s imagination, and the other is to say that the subject in the story is dreaming. III. The combination of I and II Sometimes the children’s perspective on the story is quite objective, and sometimes still subjective. That’s why there may be two different views in one story. And their explanation will vary even in the same story. The result of our research indicates that the older the children, the more likely they will be able to jump out of the text and to hold an objective view on the fantastic plot in the story. Children judge whether the story and the subject could possibly occur in real life There may be several bases that children use to determine whether a story or a story subject could occur in our real life. First, the children think that under certain circumstances it is possible for us to enter into the fantastic world. Second, the children think that the story happens in somewhere very far away, and it is impossible for us to get there. Third, children would deny such possibility and explain that it is simply a picture book. Fourth, children would say that they, as real people, are different from the subject in the story. Only when they become the subject can they possibly enter the world in the book. Fifth, they will use their knowledge in physics to explain the impossibility of the occurrence of the fantastic plot. Last, but not least, they will hold an objective view and say that the story is imaginary or is in the dream of the subject. They also know that even if they have a dream or some imaginary thinking, they may not see or experience the same thing as the subject in the book did.

Influence of unilateral low adhesion on transient wheel-rail rolling contact and wheel damages

A time-domain finite element model is developed to study the transient rolling contact of a driving wheelset over a curved track with Low Adhesion Zones (LAZs) shorter than 1.0 m. LAZs on one rail, i.e., unilateral LAZs occurring more likely, is treated for a speed up to 500 km/h. Structural vibrations of wheelset are analyzed to explain the transient contact forces, creepages and the resulting irregular wear. LAZs on high rails are found more detrimental than those on low rails. The results explain the occurrence of flats and rolling contact fatigue in bad weather, although significant wheel idling is absent.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Railway Engineerin

Novel function of the chromosome 7 open reading frame 41 gene to promote leukemic megakaryocyte differentiation by modulating TPA-induced signaling

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) activates multiple signaling pathways, alters gene expression and causes leukemic cell differentiation. How TPA-induced genes contribute to leukemic cell differentiation remains elusive. We noticed that chromosome 7 open reading frame 41 (C7ORF41) was a TPA-responsive gene and its upregulation concurred with human megakaryocyte differentiation. In K562 cells, ectopic expression of C7ORF41 significantly increased CD61 expression, enhanced ERK and JNK signaling, and upregulated RUNX1 and FLI1, whereas C7ORF41 knockdown caused an opposite phenotype. These observations suggest that C7ORF41 may promote megakaryocyte differentiation partially through modulating ERK and JNK signaling that leads to upregulation of RUNX1 and FLI1. In supporting this, C7ORF41 overexpression rescued megakaryocyte differentiation blocked by ERK inhibition while JNK inhibition abrogated the upregulation of FLI1 by C7ORF41. Furthermore, we found that Y34F mutant C7ORF41 inhibited megakaryocyte differentiation. nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B) was the major activator of C7ORF41 that in turn repressed NF-kappa B activity by inhibiting its phosphorylation at serine 536, while MAPK/ERK was the potent repressor of C7ORF41. Finally, we showed that C7ORF41 knockdown in mouse fetal liver cells impaired megakaryocyte differentiation. Taken together, we have identified the function of a novel gene C7ORF41 that forms interplaying regulatory network in TPA-induced signaling and promotes leukemic and normal megakaryocyte differentiation.12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) activates multiple signaling pathways, alters gene expression and causes leukemic cell differentiation. How TPA-induced genes contribute to leukemic cell differentiation remains elusive. We noticed that chromosome 7 open reading frame 41 (C7ORF41) was a TPA-responsive gene and its upregulation concurred with human megakaryocyte differentiation. In K562 cells, ectopic expression of C7ORF41 significantly increased CD61 expression, enhanced ERK and JNK signaling, and upregulated RUNX1 and FLI1, whereas C7ORF41 knockdown caused an opposite phenotype. These observations suggest that C7ORF41 may promote megakaryocyte differentiation partially through modulating ERK and JNK signaling that leads to upregulation of RUNX1 and FLI1. In supporting this, C7ORF41 overexpression rescued megakaryocyte differentiation blocked by ERK inhibition while JNK inhibition abrogated the upregulation of FLI1 by C7ORF41. Furthermore, we found that Y34F mutant C7ORF41 inhibited megakaryocyte differentiation. nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B) was the major activator of C7ORF41 that in turn repressed NF-kappa B activity by inhibiting its phosphorylation at serine 536, while MAPK/ERK was the potent repressor of C7ORF41. Finally, we showed that C7ORF41 knockdown in mouse fetal liver cells impaired megakaryocyte differentiation. Taken together, we have identified the function of a novel gene C7ORF41 that forms interplaying regulatory network in TPA-induced signaling and promotes leukemic and normal megakaryocyte differentiation

Soil moisture dynamics and dominant controls at different spatial scales over semiarid and semi-humid areas

Soil moisture dynamics plays an active role in ecological and hydrological processes, and it depends on a large number of environmental factors, such as topographic attributes, soil properties, land use types, and precipitation. However, studies must still clarify the relative significance of these environmental factors at different soil depths and at different spatial scales. This study aimed: (1) to characterize temporal and spatial variations in soil moisture content (SMC) at four soil layers (0-40, 40-100, 100-200, and 200-500 cm) and three spatial scales (plot, hillslope, and region); and (2) to determine their dominant controls in diverse soil layers at different spatial scales over semiarid and semi-humid areas of the Loess Plateau, China. Given the high co-dependence of environmental factors, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to detect relative significance among 15 selected environmental factors that affect SMC. Temporal variation in SMC decreased with increasing soil depth, and vertical changes in the 0-500 cm soil profile were divided into a fast-changing layer (0-40 cm), an active layer (40-100 cm), a sub-active layer (100-200 cm), and a relatively stable layer (200-500 cm). PLSR models simulated SMC accurately in diverse soil layers at different scales; almost all values for variation in response (R-2) and goodness of prediction (Q(2)) were > 0.5 and > 0.0975, respectively. Upper and lower layer SMCs were the two most important factors that influenced diverse soil layers at three scales, and these SMC variables exhibited the highest importance in projection (VIP) values. The 7-day antecedent precipitation and 7-day antecedent potential evapotranspiration contributed significantly to SMC only at the 0-40 cm soil layer. VIP of soil properties, especially sand and silt content, which influenced SMC strongly, increased significantly after increasing the measured scale. Mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration also influenced SMC at the regional scale significantly. Overall, this study indicated that dominant controls of SMC varied among three spatial scales on the Loess Plateau, and VIP was a function of spatial scale and soil depth

IFN-gamma and its receptors in a reptile reveal the evolutionary conservation of type II IFNs in vertebrates

In this study, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interferon gamma receptor (IFN-gamma R) genes have been identified in non-avian reptile, the North American green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Like their counterparts from other jawed vertebrates, lizard IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 show conserved features in genomic organizations, gene loci and protein sequences. The IFN-gamma gene has the full cDNA sequence of 936 bp, with 522 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 174 amino acids, and has the genomic organization of four exons and three introns as observed in IFN-gamma genes of other classes of vertebrates. The receptors, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 have the ORF of 1278 and 984 bp, coding for 425 and 327 aa, respectively, with the genome organization of seven exons and six introns. In the gene loci of IFN-gamma, DYRK2, IL22, IL26 and MDM1 are found with conserved synteny in vertebrates, and similar genes adjacent to IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 were also found. These receptors also contain conserved motifs, such as the membrane-proximal region and the C-terminal five residue motif in IFN-gamma R1, and intracellular conservative sequence in IFN-gamma R2, which have been confirmed to mediate down-stream JAK-STAT signaling pathway in mammals. IFN-gamma and its receptors, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 were constitutively expressed in organs/tissues examined in the lizard, and up-regulated expression of IFN-gamma was observed in organs/tissues examined following the poly(I:C) stimulation, suggesting its antiviral role in lizards. The conserved features of IFN-gamma and its receptors, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2, in gene organization and gene locus as well as in functional domain or motif may imply that the function of type II IFN system is evolutionarily conserved in the green anole lizard, as observed in other classes of vertebrates. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.In this study, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interferon gamma receptor (IFN-gamma R) genes have been identified in non-avian reptile, the North American green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Like their counterparts from other jawed vertebrates, lizard IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 show conserved features in genomic organizations, gene loci and protein sequences. The IFN-gamma gene has the full cDNA sequence of 936 bp, with 522 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 174 amino acids, and has the genomic organization of four exons and three introns as observed in IFN-gamma genes of other classes of vertebrates. The receptors, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 have the ORF of 1278 and 984 bp, coding for 425 and 327 aa, respectively, with the genome organization of seven exons and six introns. In the gene loci of IFN-gamma, DYRK2, IL22, IL26 and MDM1 are found with conserved synteny in vertebrates, and similar genes adjacent to IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 were also found. These receptors also contain conserved motifs, such as the membrane-proximal region and the C-terminal five residue motif in IFN-gamma R1, and intracellular conservative sequence in IFN-gamma R2, which have been confirmed to mediate down-stream JAK-STAT signaling pathway in mammals. IFN-gamma and its receptors, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 were constitutively expressed in organs/tissues examined in the lizard, and up-regulated expression of IFN-gamma was observed in organs/tissues examined following the poly(I:C) stimulation, suggesting its antiviral role in lizards. The conserved features of IFN-gamma and its receptors, IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2, in gene organization and gene locus as well as in functional domain or motif may imply that the function of type II IFN system is evolutionarily conserved in the green anole lizard, as observed in other classes of vertebrates. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved