8 research outputs found
A Unified Framework for Multi-intent Spoken Language Understanding with prompting
Multi-intent Spoken Language Understanding has great potential for widespread
implementation. Jointly modeling Intent Detection and Slot Filling in it
provides a channel to exploit the correlation between intents and slots.
However, current approaches are apt to formulate these two sub-tasks
differently, which leads to two issues: 1) It hinders models from effective
extraction of shared features. 2) Pretty complicated structures are involved to
enhance expression ability while causing damage to the interpretability of
frameworks. In this work, we describe a Prompt-based Spoken Language
Understanding (PromptSLU) framework, to intuitively unify two sub-tasks into
the same form by offering a common pre-trained Seq2Seq model. In detail, ID and
SF are completed by concisely filling the utterance into task-specific prompt
templates as input, and sharing output formats of key-value pairs sequence.
Furthermore, variable intents are predicted first, then naturally embedded into
prompts to guide slot-value pairs inference from a semantic perspective.
Finally, we are inspired by prevalent multi-task learning to introduce an
auxiliary sub-task, which helps to learn relationships among provided labels.
Experiment results show that our framework outperforms several state-of-the-art
baselines on two public datasets.Comment: Work in progres
RECALL: A Benchmark for LLMs Robustness against External Counterfactual Knowledge
LLMs and AI chatbots have improved people's efficiency in various fields.
However, the necessary knowledge for answering the question may be beyond the
models' knowledge boundaries. To mitigate this issue, many researchers try to
introduce external knowledge, such as knowledge graphs and Internet contents,
into LLMs for up-to-date information. However, the external information from
the Internet may include counterfactual information that will confuse the model
and lead to an incorrect response. Thus there is a pressing need for LLMs to
possess the ability to distinguish reliable information from external
knowledge. Therefore, to evaluate the ability of LLMs to discern the
reliability of external knowledge, we create a benchmark from existing
knowledge bases. Our benchmark consists of two tasks, Question Answering and
Text Generation, and for each task, we provide models with a context containing
counterfactual information. Evaluation results show that existing LLMs are
susceptible to interference from unreliable external knowledge with
counterfactual information, and simple intervention methods make limited
contributions to the alleviation of this issue
Effects of insecticidal proteins of Enterobacter cloacae NK on cellular immunity of Galleria mellonella larvae
Enterobacter cloacae produces insecticidal proteins capable of causing toxicity in pests, but the insecticidal mechanisms of these proteins for insect control remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms, the purified insecticidal protein from E. cloacae NK was administered to Galleria mellonella larvae either by intraperitoneal injection or by feeding. The number of hemocytes, apoptosis in immune cells, and polyphenol oxidase (PO) activity of G. mellonella larvae were detected by hemocytometer, Annexin V-FITC/PI, and UV–vis spectrophotometer, respectively. With the extension of the invasion time of NK insecticidal protein, the number of hemocytes in G. mellonella larvae decreased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas the apoptosis rate of hemocytes increased. The activity of PO showed a trend of rising-peak-sharp decline and the melanization reaction was deepened simultaneously. Moreover, the phagocytosis and coating capabilities of hemocytes decreased, and the intraperitoneal injection method was more effective than the feeding method. Taking together, the insecticidal protein of E. cloacae NK inhibits and destroys the cellular immune response of G. mellonella larvae, which suggests an important role in killing the host insect
Accelerating the Phosphatase-like Activity of Uio-66-NH<sub>2</sub> by Catalytically Inactive Metal Ions and Its Application for Improved Fluorescence Detection of Cardiac Troponin I
Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes
usually exhibit much lower
catalytic activities, which limit the sensitivities of nanozyme-based
immunoassays. Herein, several metal ions without enzyme-like activities
were engineered onto Uio-66-NH2 nanozyme through postsynthetic
modification. The obtained Mn+@Uio-66-NH2 (Mn+ = Zn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ca2+and Ni2+) exhibited
improved phosphatase-like catalytic activities. In particular, a 12-fold
increase in the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of Uio-66-NH2 was observed
after the modification with Zn2+. Mechanism investigations
indicate that both the amino groups and oxygen-containing functional
groups in Uio-66-NH2 are the binding sites of Zn2+, and the modified Zn2+ ions on Uio-66-NH2 serve
as the additional catalytic sites for improving the catalytic performance.
Furthermore, the highly active Zn2+@Uio-66-NH2 was used as a nanozyme label to develop a fluorescence immunoassay
method for the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Compared with
pristine Uio-66-NH2, Zn2+@Uio-66-NH2 can widen the linear range by 1 order of magnitude (from 10 pg/mL–1
μg/mL to 1 pg/mL–1 μg/mL) and also lower the detection
limit by 5 times (from 4.7 pg/mL to 0.9 pg/mL)