6,858 research outputs found
Structure of polydisperse inverse ferrofluids: Theory and computer simulation
By using theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations, we
investigate the structure of colloidal crystals formed by nonmagnetic
microparticles (or magnetic holes) suspended in ferrofluids (called inverse
ferrofluids), by taking into account the effect of polydispersity in size of
the nonmagnetic microparticles. Such polydispersity often exists in real
situations. We obtain an analytical expression for the interaction energy of
monodisperse, bidisperse, and polydisperse inverse ferrofluids. Body-centered
tetragonal (bct) lattices are shown to possess the lowest energy when compared
with other sorts of lattices and thus serve as the ground state of the systems.
Also, the effect of microparticle size distributions (namely, polydispersity in
size) plays an important role in the formation of various kinds of structural
configurations. Thus, it seems possible to fabricate colloidal crystals by
choosing appropriate polydispersity in size.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figure
Magnetophoresis of nonmagnetic particles in ferrofluids
Ferrofluids containing nonmagnetic particles are called inverse ferrofluids.
On the basis of the Ewald-Kornfeld formulation and the Maxwell-Garnett theory,
we theoretically investigate the magnetophoretic force exerting on the
nonmagnetic particles in inverse ferrofluids due to the presence of a
nonuniform magnetic field, by taking into account the structural transition and
long-range interaction. We numerically demonstrate that the force can be
adjusted by choosing appropriate lattices, volume fractions, geometric shapes,
and conductivities of the nonmagnetic particles, as well as frequencies of
external magnetic fields.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figure
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Characterization of Laser-Resistant Port Wine Stain Blood Vessels Using In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy.
Background and objectivesPort wine stain (PWS) is a congenital vascular malformation of the human skin. Laser is the treatment of choice for PWS. Laser-resistant PWS is one crucial factor accounting for inadequate treatment outcome, which needs to be fully characterized. This study aims to quantitatively characterize the morphology of laser-resistant PWS blood vessels in the upper papillary dermis using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM).Study design/materials and methodsA total of 42 PWS subjects receiving laser treatment from August 2016 through July 2018 were enrolled into this study. Thirty-three subjects had facial PWS; nine had extremity PWS. All subject's PWS received multiplex 585/1,064 nm laser treatment. RCM images were taken before and after treatment. The density, diameter, blood flow, and depth of PWS blood vessels were analyzed.ResultsWe found 44.4% PWS on the extremities (four out of nine subjects) were laser-resistant, which was significantly higher (P < 0.001) when compared with those PWS on the face (15.2%, 5 out of 33 subjects). The laser-resistant facial PWS blood vessels had significantly higher blood flow (1.35 ± 0.26 U vs. 0.89 ± 0.22 U, P < 0.001), larger blood vessel diameters (109.60 ± 18.24 µm vs. 84.36 ± 24.04 µm, P = 0.033) and were located deeper in the skin (106.01 ± 13.87 µm vs. 87.82 ± 12.57 µm, P < 0.001) in the skin when compared with laser-responsive PWS on the face. The average PWS blood vessel density (17.01 ± 4.63/mm2 vs. 16.61 ± 4.44/mm2 , P = 0.857) was not correlated to the laser resistance.ConclusionsLaser-resistant PWS blood vessels had significantly higher blood flow, larger diameters, and were located deeper in the skin. RCM can be a valuable tool for a prognostic evaluation on laser-resistant lesions before treatment, thereby providing guidance for tailored laser treatment protocols, which may improve the therapeutic outcome. The limitations for this study include relative small sample size and acquisitions of different blood vessels before and after 2 months of treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
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