213 research outputs found
Building3D: An Urban-Scale Dataset and Benchmarks for Learning Roof Structures from Point Clouds
Urban modeling from LiDAR point clouds is an important topic in computer
vision, computer graphics, photogrammetry and remote sensing. 3D city models
have found a wide range of applications in smart cities, autonomous navigation,
urban planning and mapping etc. However, existing datasets for 3D modeling
mainly focus on common objects such as furniture or cars. Lack of building
datasets has become a major obstacle for applying deep learning technology to
specific domains such as urban modeling. In this paper, we present a
urban-scale dataset consisting of more than 160 thousands buildings along with
corresponding point clouds, mesh and wire-frame models, covering 16 cities in
Estonia about 998 Km2. We extensively evaluate performance of state-of-the-art
algorithms including handcrafted and deep feature based methods. Experimental
results indicate that Building3D has challenges of high intra-class variance,
data imbalance and large-scale noises. The Building3D is the first and largest
urban-scale building modeling benchmark, allowing a comparison of supervised
and self-supervised learning methods. We believe that our Building3D will
facilitate future research on urban modeling, aerial path planning, mesh
simplification, and semantic/part segmentation etc
Error reduction method for singularity point detection using Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor
AbstractA new framework is proposed for realizing high-spatial-resolution detection of singularity points in optical vortex beams using a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS). The method uses a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) to record a Hartmanngram. A map of evaluation values related to phase slope is then calculated from the Hartmanngram. We first determined the singularity's position precisely by calculating the centroid of the circulation of 3×3 crosspoints. After that, we analyzed the error distribution of it, and proposed hybrid centroiding framework for reducing its error. Optical experiments were carried out to verify the method. Good linearity was showed in detecting positions of the singularity points, and it was indicated that the accuracy of detection the position of OV was improved. The average root mean square (RMS) error over various measurements was better than correlation matching method, which we proposed before. The method not only shows higher accuracy, but also consumes much less time than our former work
Elixir: Train a Large Language Model on a Small GPU Cluster
In recent years, the number of parameters of one deep learning (DL) model has
been growing much faster than the growth of GPU memory space. People who are
inaccessible to a large number of GPUs resort to heterogeneous training systems
for storing model parameters in CPU memory. Existing heterogeneous systems are
based on parallelization plans in the scope of the whole model. They apply a
consistent parallel training method for all the operators in the computation.
Therefore, engineers need to pay a huge effort to incorporate a new type of
model parallelism and patch its compatibility with other parallelisms. For
example, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is still incompatible with ZeRO-3 in
Deepspeed. Also, current systems face efficiency problems on small scale, since
they are designed and tuned for large-scale training. In this paper, we propose
Elixir, a new parallel heterogeneous training system, which is designed for
efficiency and flexibility. Elixir utilizes memory resources and computing
resources of both GPU and CPU. For flexibility, Elixir generates
parallelization plans in the granularity of operators. Any new type of model
parallelism can be incorporated by assigning a parallel pattern to the
operator. For efficiency, Elixir implements a hierarchical distributed memory
management scheme to accelerate inter-GPU communications and CPU-GPU data
transmissions. As a result, Elixir can train a 30B OPT model on an A100 with
40GB CUDA memory, meanwhile reaching 84% efficiency of Pytorch GPU training.
With its super-linear scalability, the training efficiency becomes the same as
Pytorch GPU training on multiple GPUs. Also, large MoE models can be trained
5.3x faster than dense models of the same size. Now Elixir is integrated into
ColossalAI and is available on its main branch
Knee anterior cruciate ligament bio stiffness measuring instrument
Aiming at the lack of timely and effective evaluation of knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, a knee ACL force and displacement measuring instrument was developed. Test experiments were carried out using a laboratory-made test platform and a robotic arm. Firstly, the importance of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery is introduced. The necessity of this kind of measuring instrument is proposed. The reliability of the lower stiffness measuring instrument under different measurement conditions in space is verified by the mechanical model of the previous ACL in-situ measurement. Then the design structure and measurement system of the instrument are introduced in detail. Finally, using the laboratory-made test platform and the UR5 robot arm and stiffness measuring instrument for the displacement and force test accuracy experiments, and the pig bone anterior cruciate ligament test and postoperative evaluation experiments, prove that the measuring instrument can be used for ACL Assessment of reconstructive surgery
Effectiveness and safety of pelareorep plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced solid tumors: a meta-analysis
Background: Pelareorep is an oncolytic virus that causes oncolytic effects in many solid tumors, and it has shown therapeutic benefits. However, few studies have compared pelareorep combined with chemotherapy to traditional chemotherapy alone in advanced solid tumors. Consequently, we intended to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pelareorep plus chemotherapy in this paper.Methods: We searched four databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science comprehensively for studies comparing pelareorep combined with chemotherapy to chemotherapy alone in the treatment of advanced solid tumors. The outcomes measures were 1-year overall survival (OS), 2-year OS, 4-month progression-free survival (PFS), 1-year PFS, objective response rate (ORR), any-grade adverse events (any-grade AEs), and severe AEs (grade ≥ 3).Results: There were five studies involving 492 patients included in the study. Combination therapy did not significantly improve clinical outcomes in terms of 1-year OS [RR = 1.02, 95%CI = (0.82–1.25)], 2-year OS [RR = 1.00, 95%CI = (0.67–1.49)], 4-month PFS [RR = 1.00, 95%CI = (0.67–1.49)], 1-year PFS [RR = 0.79, 95%CI = (0.44–1.42)], and ORR [OR = 0.79, 95%CI = (0.49–1.27)] compared to chemotherapy alone, and the subgroup analysis of 2-year OS, 1-year PFS, and ORR based on countries and tumor sites showed similar results. In all grades, the incidence of AEs was greater with combination therapy, including fever [RR = 3.10, 95%CI = (1.48–6.52)], nausea [RR = 1.19, 95%CI = (1.02–1.38)], diarrhea [RR = 1.87, 95%CI = (1.39–2.52)], chills [RR = 4.14, 95%CI = (2.30–7.43)], headache [RR = 1.46, 95%CI = (1.02–2.09)], vomiting [RR = 1.38, 95%CI = (1.06–1.80)] and flu-like symptoms [RR = 4.18, 95%CI = (2.19–7.98)]. However, severe adverse events did not differ significantly between the two arms.Conclusion: Pelareorep addition to traditional chemotherapy did not lead to significant improvements in OS, PFS, or ORR in advanced solid tumor patients, but it did partially increase AEs in all grades, with no discernible differences in serious AEs. Therefore, the combination treatment is not recommended in patients with advanced solid tumors.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=400841, identifier CRD4202340084
Conformal Prediction for Deep Classifier via Label Ranking
Conformal prediction is a statistical framework that generates prediction
sets containing ground-truth labels with a desired coverage guarantee. The
predicted probabilities produced by machine learning models are generally
miscalibrated, leading to large prediction sets in conformal prediction. In
this paper, we empirically and theoretically show that disregarding the
probabilities' value will mitigate the undesirable effect of miscalibrated
probability values. Then, we propose a novel algorithm named (SAPS), which discards all the probability values
except for the maximum softmax probability. The key idea behind SAPS is to
minimize the dependence of the non-conformity score on the probability values
while retaining the uncertainty information. In this manner, SAPS can produce
sets of small size and communicate instance-wise uncertainty. Theoretically, we
provide a finite-sample coverage guarantee of SAPS and show that the expected
value of set size from SAPS is always smaller than APS. Extensive experiments
validate that SAPS not only lessens the prediction sets but also broadly
enhances the conditional coverage rate and adaptation of prediction sets
New Insight into the Anti-liver Fibrosis Effect of Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: From Molecular Target to Clinical Trials
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) is a family of tyrosine protein kinases with important functions in the regulation of a broad variety of physiological cell processes. Overactivity of TK disturbs cellular homeostasis and has been linked to the development of certain diseases, including various fibrotic diseases. In regard to liver fibrosis, several TKs, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinases, have been identified as central mediators in collagen production and potential targets for anti-liver fibrosis therapies. Given the essential role of TKs during liver fibrogenesis, multitargeted inhibitors of aberrant TK activity, including sorafenib, erlotinib, imatinib, sunitinib, nilotinib, brivanib and vatalanib, have been shown to have potential for treating liver fibrosis. Beneficial effects are observed by researchers of this field using these multitargeted TK inhibitors in preclinical animal models and in patients with liver fibrosis. The present review will briefly summarize the anti-liver fibrosis effects of multitargeted TK inhibitors and molecular mechanisms
Investigating the causal relationship between ankylosing spondylitis and osteoporosis in the European population: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
BackgroundAnkylosing Spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory condition affecting the spine, which may lead to complications such as osteoporosis (OP). Many observational studies have demonstrated a close relationship with strong evidence between OP and AS. The combination of AS and OP is already an indisputable fact, but the exact mechanism of AS complicated with OP is unclear. To better prevent and treat OP in patients with AS, it is necessary to understand the specific mechanism of OP in these patients. In addition, there is a study showing that OP is a risk factor for AS, but the causal relationship between them is not yet clear. Therefore, we conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine whether there is a direct causal effect between AS and OP and to investigate the co-inherited genetic information between the two.MethodsBone mineral density (BMD) was used as a phenotype for OP. The AS dataset was taken from the IGAS consortium and included people of European ancestry (9,069 cases and 13,578 controls). BMD datasets were obtained from the GEFOS consortium, a large GWAS meta-analysis study, and the UK Biobank and were categorized based on site (total body (TB): 56,284 cases; lumbar spine (LS): 28,498 cases; femoral neck (FN): 32,735 cases; forearm (FA): 8,143 cases; and heel: 265,627 cases) and age (0-15: 11,807 cases; 15-30: 4,180 cases; 30-45: 10,062 cases; 45-60: 18,062 cases; and over 60: 22,504 cases).To obtain the casual estimates, the inverse variant weighted (IVW) method was mainly used due to its good statistical power and robustness. The presence of heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test. Pleiotropy was assessed utilizing MR-Egger regression and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO).ResultsGenerally, there were no significant causal associations between genetically predicted AS and decreased BMD levels. The results of MR-Egger regression, Weighted Median, and Weighted Mode methods were consistent with those of the IVW method. However, there was a sign of a connection between genetically elevated BMD levels and a decreased risk of AS (Heel-BMD: OR = 0.879, 95% CI: 0.795-0.971, P = 0.012; Total-BMD: OR = 0.948, 95% CI: 0.907-0.990, P = 0.017; LS-BMD: OR = 0.919, 95% CI: 0.861-0.980, P = 0.010). The results were confirmed to be reliable by sensitivity analysis.ConclusionThis MR study found that the causal association between genetic liability to AS and the risk of OP or lower BMD in the European population was not evident, which highlights the second effect (e.g., mechanical reasons such as limited movement) of AS on OP. However, genetically predicted decreased BMD/OP is a risk factor for AS with a causal relationship, implying that patients with OP should be aware of the potential risk of developing AS. Moreover, OP and AS share similar pathogenesis and pathways
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