Open innovation adoption from strategy to practice : implications from organizational ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities

The aim of this paper is to explore if ambidextrous strategy can support structured open innovation practice s through dynamic capabilities. Drawing on multi - disciplinary literature with complementary theoretical roots, open innovation is linked to higher l evel organizational ambidextrous strategy and organizational processes that encompass dynamic capabilities. A theoretical framework is developed to portray th ese subtle and nested relations that may facilitate open innovation solutions in response to organ izational challenges . Finally, conclusion and contribution are briefly summarized

Chronic Behavioral and Cognitive Deficits in a Rat Survival Model of Organophosphate Toxicity

Organophosphates (OPs) are a major class of pesticides and nerve agents that elicit acute toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Acetylcholine accumulation following extensive AChE inhibition leads to an acute cholinergic syndrome characterized by autonomic dysfunction, involuntary movements, muscle fasciculations, respiratory distress, and seizures. Despite their classification as moderate to highly toxic, OP pesticides are the most widely used class of insecticides in the U.S., and are even more commonly used worldwide. Additionally, there is a growing concern that OP nerve agents could be used to cause mass civilian casualties. It is well known that the survivors of acute nerve gas poisoning and chronic OP pesticide exposure exhibit neurobehavioral deficits including mood changes, depression, and memory impairments. Despite this, there are very few treatments available for OP-intoxication survivors and this topic is under-researched. In this study we investigated whether animals surviving a single severe OP exposure exhibited long-term neurological impairments, using two OP agents: paraoxon (POX) and diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP), as well as a non-OP chemoconvulsant, pilocarpine (Pilo), which acts as a muscarinic agonist. Exposure to POX, DFP, or Pilo led to overt signs of cholinergic toxicity. POX and DFP rats were rescued with an optimized atropine, 2-PAM, and diazepam therapy per current OP-exposure treatment guidelines, while Pilo rats were given only diazepam. Saline was administered to control rats at all pharmacological timepoints. Surviving rats were studied using established behavioral assays for identifying symptoms of depression and memory impairment 3-6 months after exposure to toxic agents. In the forced swim test, POX, DFP, and Pilo animals exhibited increased immobility time indicative of a despair-like state. In the sucrose preference test, POX, DFP, and Pilo rats did not display a preference for sucrose water, indicating an anhedonia-like condition. POX, DFP, and Pilo rats also displayed increased anxiety as characterized by significantly lower performance in the open arm of the elevated plus maze. Furthermore, when tested with a novel object recognition paradigm, POX, DFP, and Pilo rats exhibited a significantly lower discrimination ratio, indicating impaired recognition memory. The results indicate that these models of survival from severe POX and DFP exposure can be employed to study chronic behavioral and cognitive comorbidities and to further investigate the molecular bases for these comorbidities, potentially leading to the development of pharmacological therapies

Policy Design for Child Development Accounts: Parents\u27 Perceptions

In the SEED for Oklahoma Kids experiment, which features of Child Development Account (CDA) policy do study participants perceive as important for increasing the number of children who earn a college degree or trade school certificate? Which features do participants view as important for encouraging parents to save for their children’s postsecondary education? This brief presents findings from a 2020 survey of parents in the experiment, when their children were about 13 years old. Results are for 1,666 parents (those whose children received the CDA in SEED OK and those whose children did not) and for subgroups defined by household income, mother’s race, and mother’s education. In addition to identifying several policy features deemed important for postsecondary attainment and parental saving, the findings may suggest a path toward a nationwide CDA policy

Chronic behavioral and cognitive deficits in a rat survival model of paraoxon toxicity

Organophosphate (OP) compounds, including paraoxon (POX), are similar to nerve agents such as sarin. There is a growing concern that OP agents could be weaponized to cause mass civilian causalities. We have developed a rodent survival model of POX toxicity that is being used to evaluate chronic morbidity and to screen for medical countermeasures against severe OP exposure. It is well known that the survivors of nerve gas and chronic OP exposure exhibit neurobehavioral deficits such as mood changes, depression, and memory impairments. In this study we investigated whether animals surviving severe POX exposure exhibited long-term neurological impairments. POX exposure produced overt signs of cholinergic toxicity. Rats were rescued using an optimized atropine, 2-PAM and diazepam therapy. Surviving rats were studied using established behavioral assays for identifying symptoms of depression and memory impairment 3-months after POX exposure. In the forced swim test, POX rats exhibited increased immobility time indicative of a despair-like state. In the sucrose preference test, POX rats consumed significantly less sucrose water indicating anhedonia-like condition. POX rats also displayed increased anxiety as characterized by significantly lower performance in the open arm of the elevated plus maze. Further, when tested with a novel object recognition paradigm, POX rats exhibited a negative discrimination ratio indicative of impaired recognition memory. The results indicate that this model of survival from severe POX exposure can be employed to study some of the molecular bases for OP-induced chronic behavioral and cognitive comorbidities and develop therapies for their treatment

Testing Universal Child Development Accounts: Financial Impacts in a Large Social Experiment

This study examines financial impacts of Child Development Accounts (CDAs) designed to build assets for every newborn in the treatment group. Data come from the randomized SEED for Oklahoma Kids experiment 7 years after the intervention began. The CDA’s automatic features have large impacts on account holding and asset accumulation for college, and especially so for disadvantaged children. This is an important finding because having designated college savings likely shapes children’s educational expectations, which in turn likely influences their precollege academic behavior and achievement. Moreover, demonstrating full inclusion—that is, accounts and assets for all newborns—sets the stage for more equitable distribution of public resources. The CDA also increases the likelihood that parents themselves save for their children’s future college expenses

Early Program Enrollment in a Statewide Child Development Account Program

Early Program Enrollment in a Statewide Child Development Account Progra

A Long-Term Experiment on Child Development Accounts: Update and Impacts of SEED for Oklahoma Kids

How does a Child Development Account (CDA), opened for an infant at the time of birth, shape that child’s trajectory as he or she grows? For 12-year-old children and their families, the CDA in SEED for Oklahoma Kids had very large positive impacts on financial outcomes and some positive impacts on nonfinancial outcomes, even though the experiment had little intervention over the past 9 years. This report presents findings from the long-running SEED for Oklahoma Kids experiment, a randomized Child Development Account experiment. Launched in 2007 with a representative sample of newborns, the experiment provided CDAs with substantial initial deposits to children in the treatment group, offering their parents savings incentives and subsidies. The experiment has continued to follow beneficiaries, who are now adolescents. Released in conjunction with a Research Summary on financial outcomes as of December 2019, this report presents results from a 2020 survey of the beneficiaries’ parents and from analyses of account data through 2019. The results continue to reveal the role of CDAs and assets in the lives of families

The SEED for Oklahoma Kids Child Development Account Experiment: Accounts, Assets, Earnings, and Savings

This brief presents the latest results from SEED for Oklahoma Kids, a pathbreaking randomized experiment to test the effects of automatic, universal, and progressive Child Development Accounts (CDAs) in a statewide sample. Key features of the CDA are automatic opening of a 529 account and an automatic initial $1,000 deposit. The results show that CDAs with automatic deposits invested in a 529 plan may enable children to accumulate meaningful levels of assets over time, even if their families do not contribute to the accounts. As the brief indicates, the new results also have key implications for public policy

Financial Facts: SEED OK Child Development Accounts at Age 14

This Fact Sheet presents financial outcomes as of December 31, 2021, when children in the SEED for Oklahoma Kids (SEED OK) experiment were about 14 years old. SEED OK is a large-scale policy test of universal, automatic, and progressive Child Development Accounts (CDAs). The essential feature of the CDA in SEED OK is a state-owned Oklahoma 529 College Savings Plan (OK 529) account, which was automatically opened for newborns in late 2007 with an initial deposit of $1,000 and which has now grown to about$2,300