Assessment Of Pictogram Use In Pediatric Oral Liquid Medication Labeling At Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia

Cecair adalah bentuk dos oral yang lazimnya diberikan kepada kanak-kanak. Secara umumnya, penggunaan piktogram untuk menyampaikan arahan ubat-ubatan dianggap sebagai satu pendekatan yang munasabah tetapi maklumat tentang keberkesanannya dalam perubatan pediatrik masih terhad. Liquids are commonly the preferred form of oral medication delivery for children. Generally, using pictograms to illustrate medication instructions is viewed as a feasible approach to improve communication, but limited information is available on its usefulness in pediatric medicine

Stress and mental health problem on secondary school student in Sabah

Several studies proved there is a significant relationship among stress with mental health, depression and stress that prolonged. (Abouserie, 1994; Diane & Misty, 1997; Bojuwoye, 2002; Mahadir, Shazli Ezzat, Normah & Ponnusamy, 2004; Najib, Che Su, Zarina & Suhanim, 2005; Najeemah, 2005). The purpose of the study is to create mental health profile among students in Sabah. This research also tends to find out the relationship between stress and mental health among secondary students in Sabah. Furthermore this research also tends to find out the differences of mental health among multi-ethnic secondary school student. There is about 500 secondary students was aged mean 16.06 was taken from Sabah to do survey. Finding indicated that there is a positive significance correlation between stress with mental health (r= .731, p < .001). Results also indicate there were significant differences among ethnic groups in Sabah (F (9.490) = 4.625, p <.05). The importance of mental health issues and intervention had been discussed

Effects of Ambient Ozone Exposure on Mail Carriers’ Peak Expiratory Flow Rates

The extent to which occupational exposure to ozone in ambient air can affect lung function remains unclear. We conducted a panel study in 43 mail carriers by measuring their peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs) twice daily for 6 weeks in 2001. The daily exposure of each mail carrier to O(3), particulate matter < 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10)), and nitrogen dioxide was estimated by one air monitoring station in the center of the mail carrier’s delivery area. Hourly concentrations of air pollutants during their exposure periods were 6–96 ppb for O(3), 11–249 μg/m(3) for PM(10), and 14–92 ppb for NO(2). Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the association between air pollution exposures and PEFR after adjusting for subject’s sex, age, and disease status and for temperature and humidity. We found that night PEFR and the deviation in night PEFR were significantly decreased in association with 8-hr O(3) exposures with a lag 0–2 days and by daily maximum O(3) exposures with a lag of 0–1 day in our multipollutant models. By contrast, neither PM(10) nor NO(2) was associated with a PEFR reduction. Daily 8-hr mean concentrations of O(3) had greater reduction effects on PEFR than did daily maximum concentrations. For a 10-ppb increase in the 8-hr average O(3) concentration, the night PEFR was decreased by 0.54% for a 0-day lag, 0.69% for a 1-day lag, and 0.52% for a 2-day lag. We found that an acute lung function reduction occurs in mail carriers exposed to O(3) concentrations below current ambient air quality standards and occupational exposure limits

Directed and elliptic flows of protons and deuterons in HADES Au+Au collisions at sNN=2.4\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.4 GeV

Within a transport model coupled with a microscopic coalescence model, the directed and elliptic flows of protons and deuterons as well as their scalling properties are studied in the centrality of 20-30% Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.4$ GeV. It is found that the flows as well as their scaling properties simulated with the isospin- and momentum-dependent nuclear mean filed with an incompressibility $K_{0}=230$ MeV fit fairly the HADES data, while those simulated with the commonly used momentum-independent nuclear mean field with an incompressibility $K_{0}=380$ MeV can only fit partially the HADES data. Moreover, by checking the rapidity distributions of both protons and deuterons in the centrality of 0-10% Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.4$ GeV, we find that the rapidity distributions of deuterons are underestimated while those of protons are overestimated by the simulations with this momentum-independent nuclear mean field. In contrast, the rapidity distributions of both protons and deuterons simulated with this isospin- and momentum-dependent nuclear mean field are in good agreement with the HADES data. Our findings imply that the momentum dependence of nuclear mean field is an unavoidable feature for a fundamental understanding of nuclear matter properties and for the successful interpretation of the HADES data.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, submitted for publicatio

Assessment Of Antiviral Usage, Barriers, And Strategies For Scaling Up Hepatitis C Treatment In Malaysia: A Mix Methodology Study

Malaysia adopted three key strategies to pursue the global goal of hepatitis C elimination, namely applying compulsory licensing on a direct-acting antiviral (DAA), introducing a standard DAA-based treatment regimen (sofosbuvir and daclatasvir) and decentralizing hepatitis C care through primary healthcare centers. This three-phase study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods, aiming to (i) assess changes in the treatment coverage of individuals with hepatitis C and the government spending on antivirals after applying compulsory licensing, (ii) evaluate clinical outcomes in treatment recipients of the standard regimen, and (iii) explore barriers and potential strategies to further scale up pharmacological treatment under the existing hepatitis C care decentralization model

Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: An Unusual and Fatal Disease

BackgroundSeptic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare and fatal disease. Clinical presentations in the early stage are nonspecific, and the sensitivity of cranial axial computed tomography (CT) with thick section is low. This study analyzed the clinical manifestation and neuroimaging findings in patients with septic CST in a medical center in Taiwan.MethodsThis retrospective case series included nine patients with septic CST who had typical symptoms and clinical course, evidence of infection, and imaging studies which demonstrated cavernous sinus lesion, and who were treated between 1995 and 2003 at National Taiwan University Hospital.ResultsSeven (77.8 %) patients were more than 50 years old. Five (55.6%) had diabetes, and three (33.3%) had hematologic diseases. All cases were associated with paranasal sinusitis. The most frequent initial symptom was headache (66.7%), followed by ophthalmic complaints (diplopia or ophthalmoplegia, 55.6%; blurred vision or blindness, 55.6%), and ptosis (44.4%). Initial cranial images failed to identify CTS in all patients. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or coronal contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) with thin section confirmed the diagnosis. Fungi were the most common pathogens (55.6%). The inhospital case-fatality rate was high (44.4%).ConclusionDue to the high case-fatality rate and low yield rate of blood cultures, fungal CST should be suspected in an immunocompromised patient with ophthalmic complaints that progress from one eye to the other. Coronal thin-section CECT may be a useful alternative to MRI as a diagnostic modality for this condition

Pick-And-Place Mobile Autonomous Robots

This thesis presents a Research and Development study on building Pick-and-Place Mobile Autonomous Robot (MARS). It considers various steps and criteria during the study. This project is mainly regarding on designing and fabricating an autonomous robot which posses the functions such as line tracking, sense section radius of the Canister, feed in the Rubber Balls, etc. This robot is designed (in the size of 500mm x 500mm x 1500mm before the game start and limited 2000mm in height after the game start) to accomplish tasks which are tracks through the game field, reaches the Main Torch, rotates the Main Torch and finally feed the Rubber Balls into the Canister. By applying Quality Function Deployment (QFD), robot was successfully designed from the several alternatives. It was designed to be detachable to form two robots named as EX-Transporter and Feeder-EX. According to their tasks, control systems were built to enhance the efficiency of the robots. However, several tests were conducted to ensure their reliability, such as tracking test, straightness test, robot stabilizing system test, defending system test, robot extending system test, radius sensing system test and Rubber Balls feeding system test. As a result, these robots achieve a good performance through the tests. However, it is recommended that, elastic strings which were used to replace the complex mechanism needed to be changed after three times of usage to ensure its functionality

Synthesis, Characterization And Photophysical Studies On Chalcone-Based Chemosensors For The Detection Of Aluminium And Fluoride Ions

In this thesis, the syntheses and studies of three different chalcone-based chemosensors for the detection of Al3+ and F–− ion by naked eye and fluorimetric method have been described. The structure elucidation for the ultimate compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR). The response of the receptor molecules to various metal ions and anions were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy methods and to some extend through naked-eye observations. Study on binding behavior of the synthesized chemosensor (1-[3-(2-Hydroxy-phenyl)-3-oxo-propenyl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid (NAC) by UV-Vis spectrophotometer has shown excellent selectivity and rapid response toward Al3+ ion. The obvious fluorescence increment upon the addition of Al3+ ion over other metal ions made it a suitable selective chemosensor for Al3+ ion. Receptor NAC displays a change in absorption from 399 nm to 416 nm as the binding of NAC with Al3+ triggered the improvement in the rigidity of the system through the operation of chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) which did not happen to other metal cations. The stochiometry of receptor NAC and Al3+ ion was found to be 2:1 using Job’s method with an association constant of Ka= 0.21×102 M-2. The shift in FT-NMR spectral data reveals that two O atoms of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups and the oxygen atom of the oxymethylene group involved in coordination. The receptor (1-[3-Oxo-3-(3-oxo-3H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl)-propenyl] -naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid (CAC) detect Al3+ ion in 100% water medium in which a change in colour from yellow to cyan can be observed by naked eye. After the addition of Al3+ ion, the internal charge transfer (ICT) mechanism in coumarin chromophore was enhanced that can clearly be identified by naked eye. The 2:1 stoichiometry of receptor CAC:Al3+ ion was investigated by Job’s plot and the association constant was found to be Ka = 5.91 M-2. The anion sensing behaviours of 7-Diethylamino-3-[3-(2-hydroxy-naphthalen-1-yl)-acryloyl]-chromen-2-one (DNAC) were studied by UV-Vis technique. The formation of hydrogen bonding between the probe DNAC and F– ion gave rise to the increase in the emission intensity of probe at 524 nm which can be attributed to the internal charge transfer (ICT) developed by the deprotonation of OH from napthol unit to the chalcone moiety in the probe DNAC. There was no interference by other anions in the fluorescence intensity of the complex during the F– ion detection in CH3CN. Job’s plot suggests the ratio of DNAC: F– ion as 1:1 with an association constant of Ka=3.33×10-5 M-1

Environmental Impact Analysis Application Of Environmental Systems Models In The Georgetown-Butterworth Chanel Zone

The matrix is used by checking each action that is likely to be involved significantly in a particular human activity by making a slash diagonally from the top right to the bottom left of the appropriate cells. The upper left hand corner is used to indicate the magnitude of impact by a value from 1-10. Similarly the lower right corner is used to indicate the importance of the impact also ty a value from 1-10