Is Underwater Image Enhancement All Object Detectors Need?

Underwater object detection is a crucial and challenging problem in marine engineering and aquatic robot. The difficulty is partly because of the degradation of underwater images caused by light selective absorption and scattering. Intuitively, enhancing underwater images can benefit high-level applications like underwater object detection. However, it is still unclear whether all object detectors need underwater image enhancement as pre-processing. We therefore pose the questions "Does underwater image enhancement really improve underwater object detection?" and "How does underwater image enhancement contribute to underwater object detection?". With these two questions, we conduct extensive studies. Specifically, we use 18 state-of-the-art underwater image enhancement algorithms, covering traditional, CNN-based, and GAN-based algorithms, to pre-process underwater object detection data. Then, we retrain 7 popular deep learning-based object detectors using the corresponding results enhanced by different algorithms, obtaining 126 underwater object detection models. Coupled with 7 object detection models retrained using raw underwater images, we employ these 133 models to comprehensively analyze the effect of underwater image enhancement on underwater object detection. We expect this study can provide sufficient exploration to answer the aforementioned questions and draw more attention of the community to the joint problem of underwater image enhancement and underwater object detection. The pre-trained models and results are publicly available and will be regularly updated. Project page: https://github.com/BIGWangYuDong/lqit/tree/main/configs/detection/uw_enhancement_affect_detection.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

Potential of Core-Collapse Supernova Neutrino Detection at JUNO

JUNO is an underground neutrino observatory under construction in Jiangmen, China. It uses 20kton liquid scintillator as target, which enables it to detect supernova burst neutrinos of a large statistics for the next galactic core-collapse supernova (CCSN) and also pre-supernova neutrinos from the nearby CCSN progenitors. All flavors of supernova burst neutrinos can be detected by JUNO via several interaction channels, including inverse beta decay, elastic scattering on electron and proton, interactions on C12 nuclei, etc. This retains the possibility for JUNO to reconstruct the energy spectra of supernova burst neutrinos of all flavors. The real time monitoring systems based on FPGA and DAQ are under development in JUNO, which allow prompt alert and trigger-less data acquisition of CCSN events. The alert performances of both monitoring systems have been thoroughly studied using simulations. Moreover, once a CCSN is tagged, the system can give fast characterizations, such as directionality and light curve

Detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background with JUNO

As an underground multi-purpose neutrino detector with 20 kton liquid scintillator, Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is competitive with and complementary to the water-Cherenkov detectors on the search for the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB). Typical supernova models predict 2-4 events per year within the optimal observation window in the JUNO detector. The dominant background is from the neutral-current (NC) interaction of atmospheric neutrinos with 12C nuclei, which surpasses the DSNB by more than one order of magnitude. We evaluated the systematic uncertainty of NC background from the spread of a variety of data-driven models and further developed a method to determine NC background within 15\% with {\it{in}} {\it{situ}} measurements after ten years of running. Besides, the NC-like backgrounds can be effectively suppressed by the intrinsic pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities of liquid scintillators. In this talk, I will present in detail the improvements on NC background uncertainty evaluation, PSD discriminator development, and finally, the potential of DSNB sensitivity in JUNO

Open-source project recommendation model

Open-source has become a very important topic in this era. the number of open-source projects on github Shows a huge growth trend. Facing so many open-source projects, it’s not easy to find the projects and topics that the developers interested in. so, it is necessary to model the user's behavior data,So as to automatically recommend projects to developers. to explore this problem, we constructed a dataset of 90w users and 461w projects based on github log and did a lot of cleaning work on the data. finally, we model the data through the improvement of the Light-GCN model to recommend relevant open-source projects to users. The experimental results show that the accuracy of our model is more than 15%

Climate-driven intensification of hypolimnetic deoxygenation in Lake Fuxian, a monomictic lake in south-western China, since the 1990s

In monomictic lakes, the potential intensification of hypolimnetic deoxygenation due to human activities and climate change threatens lake ecosystems and water quality. Understanding the trends and mechanisms of hypolimnetic deoxygenation would allow for the adaptive management of monomictic lakes. This study investigated the trends and drivers of hypolimnetic deoxygenation in Lake Fuxian (a monomictic lake in south-western China) over the past 150 years using paleolimnological evidence and historical records. Analysis of enrichment factors for molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U), and vanadium (V), and ratios of U/thorium (Th), pristane (Pr)/phytane (Ph), and total organic carbon (TOC)/total phosphorus (TP) in a dated sediment core indicated that the extent of hypolimnetic deoxygenation was relatively low before 1994 and increased substantially thereafter. Nutrient monitoring records and sediment n-alkane proxies indicated notable eutrophication of the lake since 1986 and a greater degree of human disturbance in the catchment between 1951 and 1967. Due to their asynchronous occurrence, eutrophication and catchment disturbance could not be the major drivers of hypolimnetic deoxygenation. Interestingly, climate records indicated that the local ambient temperature exhibited similar trends to that of hypolimnetic deoxygenation, including markedly higher temperatures after 1994. This implies that prolonged water column stratification due to climate warming could have promoted hypolimnetic deoxygenation by limiting oxygen exchange between the upper and lower water columns. In comparing the results with those of Lake Erhai, another monomictic lake with contrasting morphology and hydrology characteristics, we found that the low surface area/depth ratio and long water residence time in Lake Fuxian enable dissolved oxygen of the lake hypolimnion vulnerable to temperature over the lake

D Sex-specific responses of tree-ring growth to climate in the dioecious tree Populus cathayana

Aims Radial growth in response to climate has been reported in many trees, but the sex-specific responses of tree-ring growth associated with altitude in dioecious trees are still poorly known. This study aims to examine whether (i) there are sex-related responses of treering growth to climate in dioecious trees; (ii) these responses could be changed with altitude elevation. Methods The tree-ring width and basal area increment (BAI) were measured over the past 30 years (1982-2011), and the sexual differences in relationship between BAI and time span and correlations between ring width and climatic factors were investigated in Populus cathayana trees at two altitude sites (1,450 m and 1,750 m a.s.l.) in Xiaowutai Mountain, Hebei, north China. Important Findings The BAI was increased over the past 30 years. Trees at high-altitude sites had significantly lower mean ring width and mean BAI than those trees at low-altitude sites (P < 0.001). In addition, sexual differences in tree-ring growth and its response to climate were more pronounced by altitude elevation. Male trees had a significantly larger mean ring width and mean BAI than did females at high-altitude sites, whereas no significant sexual differences in these traits were detected at low-altitude sites. Female trees were sensitive to previous October-November temperatures at high altitude but to current February and April precipitation at low altitude (P < 0.05), whereas male trees were sensitive to current June temperature at high altitude but to January precipitation at low altitude (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that the responses of tree-ring growth to climate are sex dependent and can be changed with altitude elevation

Application of locally responsive design of biomaterials based on microenvironmental changes in myocardial infarction

Summary: Morbidity and mortality caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are on the rise, posing a grave threat to the health of the general population. Up to now, interventional, surgical, and pharmaceutical therapies have been the main treatment methods for AMI. Effective and timely reperfusion therapy decreases mortality, but it cannot stimulate myocardial cell regeneration or reverse ventricular remodeling. Cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, and several other techniques are utilized by researchers to improve patients’ prognosis. In recent years, biomaterials for AMI therapy have become a hot spot in medical care. Biomaterials furnish a microenvironment conducive to cell growth and deliver therapeutic factors that stimulate cell regeneration and differentiation. Biomaterials adapt to the complex microenvironment and respond to changes in local physical and biochemical conditions. Therefore, environmental factors and material properties must be taken into account when designing biomaterials for the treatment of AMI. This article will review the factors that need to be fully considered in the design of biological materials

Arabidopsis DXO1 possesses deNADding and exonuclease activities and its mutation affects defense‐related and photosynthetic gene expression

RNA capping and decapping tightly coordinate with transcription, translation, and RNA decay to regulate gene expression. Proteins in the DXO/Rai1 family have been implicated in mRNA decapping and decay, and mammalian DXO was recently found to also function as a decapping enzyme for NAD+ -capped RNAs (NAD-RNA). The Arabidopsis genome contains a single gene encoding a DXO/Rai1 protein, AtDXO1. Here we show that AtDXO1 possesses both NAD-RNA decapping activity and 5'-3' exonuclease activity but does not hydrolyze the m7 G cap. The atdxo1 mutation increased the stability of NAD-RNAs and led to pleiotropic phenotypes, including severe growth retardation, pale color, and multiple developmental defects. Transcriptome profiling analysis showed that the atdxo1 mutation resulted in upregulation of defense-related genes but downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes. The autoimmunity phenotype of the mutant could be suppressed by either eds1 or npr1 mutation. However, the various phenotypes associated with the atdxo1 mutant could be complemented by an enzymatically inactive AtDXO1. The atdxo1 mutation apparently enhances post-transcriptional gene silencing by elevating levels of siRNAs. Our study indicates that AtDXO1 regulates gene expression in various biological and physiological processes through its pleiotropic molecular functions in mediating RNA processing and decay

Morphological and Molecular Functional Evidence of the Pharyngeal Sac in the Digestive Tract of Silver Pomfret, <i>Pampus argenteus</i>

The pharyngeal sac is a comparatively rare organ in the digestive tract among teleost fishes. However, our understanding of this remarkable organ in the silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is limited. In the present study, we examined the various morphological and histological characteristics of the pharyngeal sac using histochemical techniques and electron microscopy. The pharyngeal sac showed unique characteristics such as well-developed muscular walls, weakly keratinized epithelium, numerous goblet cells, and needle-like processes on the papillae. The porous cavity of the papillae contained numerous adipocytes and was tightly enveloped by type I collagen fibers. These structures might provide mechanical protection and excellent biomechanical properties for grinding and shredding prey. A comparison of gene expression levels between the pharyngeal sac and esophagus using RNA-seq showed that phenotype-associated genes (epithelial genes and muscle genes) were upregulated, whereas genes related to nutrient digestion and absorption were downregulated in the pharyngeal sac. These results support the role of the pharyngeal sac in shredding and predigesting food. Overall, these findings provide a clearer understanding of the pharyngeal sac morphology and explain the morphological adaptations of the digestive tract for feeding on gelatinous prey. To our knowledge, this is the first report on pharyngeal sac gene expression in P. argenteus