Prevalence of TB/HIV Co-Infection in Countries Except China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>TB and HIV co-epidemic is a major public health problem in many parts of the world. But the prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was diversified among countries. Exploring the reasons of the diversity of TB/HIV co-infection is important for public policy, planning and development of collaborative TB/HIV activities. We aimed to summarize the prevalence of TB and HIV co-infection worldwide, using meta-analysis based on systematic review of published articles.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies of the prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection. We also searched bibliographic indices, scanned reference lists, and corresponded with authors. We summarized the estimates using meta-analysis and explored potential sources of heterogeneity in the estimates by metaregression analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>We identified 47 eligible studies with a total population of 272,466. Estimates of TB/HIV co-infection prevalence ranged from 2.93% to 72.34%; the random effects pooled prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was 23.51% (95% CI 20.91–26.11). We noted substantial heterogeneity (Cochran’s <i>χ</i>² = 10945.31, p<0.0001; <i>I</i>² = 99.58%, 95% CI 99.55–99.61). Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was 31.25%(95%CI 19.30–43.17) in African countries, 17.21%(95%CI 9.97–24.46) in Asian countries, 20.11%(95%CI 13.82–26.39) in European countries, 25.06%(95%CI 19.28–30.84) in Latin America countries and 14.84%(95%CI 10.44–19.24) in the USA. Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was higher in studies in which TB diagnosed by chest radiography and HIV diagnosis based on blood analyses than in those which used other diagnostic methods, and in countries with higher prevalence HIV in the general population than in countries with lower general prevalence.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our analyses suggest that it is necessary to attach importance to HIV/TB co-infection, especially screening of TB/HIV co-infection using methods with high sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in the countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence in the general population.</p></div

Visible-Light Photoredox Synthesis of Chiral α‑Selenoamino Acids

<i>N</i>-Acetoxyphthalimide derivatives of two genetically coded proteinogenic amino acids, l-aspartic acid and glutamic acid, were used as visible light photoredox chiral sources and radical precursors, diorganyl diselenides were used as the radical acceptors, and the diverse chiral α-selenoamino acid derivatives were prepared in good yields at room temperature. Furthermore, decarboxylative coupling of <i>N</i>-protected dipeptide active ester with diphenyl diselenide provided the corresponding selenodipeptide. The simple protocol, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and chiral keeping of this method make it an important strategy for the synthesis of chiral molecules

Thiophenol-Catalyzed Visible-Light Photoredox Decarboxylative Couplings of <i>N</i>‑(Acetoxy)­phthalimides

We have developed visible-light photoredox decarboxylative couplings of <i>N</i>-(acetoxy)­phthalimides without an added photocatalyst in which simple and commercially available thiophenols are used as the effective organocatalysts, and 4-(trifluoromethyl)­thiophenol shows optimal catalytic activity. Three representative decarboxylative examples were chosen including one amination and two C–C bond couplings to confirm efficacy of the visible-light photoredox reactions, and the results exhibited that they performed very well at room temperature. The interesting discovery should provide a novel and environmentally friendly strategy for visible-light photoredox transformation of organic molecules

K₂CO₃-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chromones and 4-Quinolones through the Cleavage of Aromatic C–O Bonds

Phenol-derived electrophiles are favorable substrates because phenols are naturally abundant or can be readily prepared from other aromatic compounds. However, the cleavage of aromatic C–O bonds is a great challenge because of their high energy. K₂CO₃-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of 1-(2-alkoxyphenyl)-3-akylpropane-1,3-dione and 3-(alkylimino)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one derivatives via the selective cleavage of aromatic C–O bonds is reported. The corresponding chromone and 4-quinolone derivatives were obtained in reasonable yields

Results of perceived neighborhood walkable environmental measures.

<p>*Significant at <i>P</i><0.05.</p

Additional file 1: of Integrating heterogeneous genomic data to accurately identify disease subtypes

Heatmaps of patient similarity for lung cancer. The similarity scores were measured by the Pearson correlation coefficients based on single data types (DNA methylation, mRNA expression and miRNA expression) and the integrated scores (integrated by direct concatenation, SNF and iBFE). (DOCX 802 kb

Physical activity level of participants.

<p>*Significant at <i>P</i><0.05,</p><p>**Significant at <i>P</i><0.01.</p

Additional file 2: of Integrating heterogeneous genomic data to accurately identify disease subtypes

Heatmaps of patient similarity for kidney cancer. The similarity scores were measured by the Pearson correlation coefficients based on single data types (DNA methylation, mRNA expression and miRNA expression) and the integrated scores (integrated by direct concatenation, SNF and iBFE). (DOCX 875 kb

Visible-Light Photoredox Borylation of Aryl Halides and Subsequent Aerobic Oxidative Hydroxylation

Efficient and practical visible-light photoredox borylation of aryl halides and subsequent aerobic oxidative hydroxylation were developed. The protocols use readily available aryl halides and bis­(pinacolato)­diboron as the starting materials, <i>fac-</i>Ir­(ppy)₃ as the photocatalyst, and corresponding arylboronic esters and phenols were obtained in good yields. The methods show some advantages including simple equipment, mild conditions, easy operation, and wide substrate scope. Therefore, they should provide a valuable strategy for chemical transformations

Odds ratios for active walkers (all respondents, males, females, and working and retired individuals).

<p>Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p><p>For all the respondents, odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, gender, location of the community, physical activity knowledge score, employment status, BMI, marital status, education, and hypertension.</p><p>For male and female respondents, odds ratios were calculated after adjusting for age, location of community, physical activity knowledge score, employment status, BMI, marital status, education, and hypertension.</p><p>For working and retired individuals, odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, gender location of community, physical activity knowledge score, BMI, marital status, education, and hypertension.</p><p>For the respective categories, an active walker was defined as a respondent who reported walking for recreation or transportation >90 min/week.</p