Age, CAG repeat number, SARA score, and MRS measurements of study participants.

<p>MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; R-NAA, V-NAA, and L-NAA  = right, vermis, and left hemispheric N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio; R-Cho, V-Cho, and L-Cho  = right, vermis, and left hemispheric choline/creatine ratio; SARA, scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia.</p><p>Data are presented as mean ± SD of participants and compared by one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni adjustment approach.</p>*<p>P<0.05; significant difference among control, SCA1, SCA3, and SCA6.</p>††<p>P<0.01, ^†††P<0.001; significant difference compared to control.</p

Association of age of onset and CAG repeat number with the ratio of age of onset to onset NAA value.

<p>R-NAA and V-NAA  = right and vermis hemispheric N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio; SARA, scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia.</p><p>Results are shown as standardized regression coefficients via regression analysis with or without adjusted SARA score. Greater absolute value of standardized regression coefficients indicates greater association between dependent variable and predictor.</p>*<p>P<0.05; ^**P<0.01; ^***P<0.001; significance of standardized regression coefficients.</p

Representative cerebellar proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectra.

<p>(A) (Upper left) plane of the left hemisphere in a normal subject at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper middle) plane of the left hemisphere in a normal subject at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper right) plane of the vermis in a normal subject at which the MRS signal was acquired; (lower panels) corresponding MR spectra with green arrow (creatine [Cr]), red arrow (N-acetyl aspartate [NAA]), blue arrow (choline [Cho]), and yellow arrow (myoinositol [MI]). (B) (upper left) plane of the left hemisphere in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper middle) plane of the left hemisphere in a patient with SCA at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper right) plane of the vermis in a patient with SCA at which the MRS signal was acquired; (lower panels) corresponding MR spectra with green arrow (Cr), red arrow (NAA), blue arrow (Cho), and yellow arrow (MI).</p

Changes in N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio (NAA) with age and CAG repeat number.

<p>Changes in NAA ratio with age were related to the number of CAG repeats in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) (A) or SCA3 (C). In A and C, the onset vermis NAA value (V-NAA) was calculated based on the correlation of the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) score and V-NAA and was used to retrospectively predict the age of onset of for CAG repeat group. The predicted age of onset and the average reported age of onset are plotted in B (SCA2) and D (SCA3). The error bars denote the standard deviation of reported ages.</p

Cerebellar cortex of SCA3 patients.

<p>(a) significant decrease in 3D-FD values in comparison with that of normal subjects. (b) A significant correlation was observed between decreased 3D-FD values and disease duration in cerebellar cortex of SCA3 (<i>r</i> = -0.0318, <i>p</i> = 0.0354).</p

Widespread area in supratentorial regions show decreased 3D-FD value in SCA3 patients.

<p>(a, b) Frontal and parietal lobe of SCA3 exhibit decreased 3D-FD values, respectively. c, d Green, aqua-blue, violet and blue regions exhibit decreased 3D-FD value in the occipital lobe, temporal lobe, subcortical regions and limbic system, respectively.</p

The cortical dysfunction of SCA3 patients in cerebellar cortex (SARA; left vertical axis) and in cerebral cortex (MMSE; reight vertical axis) were incoherent.

<p>The result shows significantly increasing SARA scores throughout duration of disease (<i>r</i> = 0.5672; <i>p</i> = 0.0344), but nonsignificant correlation between MMSE scores and duration of disease (<i>r</i> = -0.2138; <i>p</i> = 0.4100). (SARA: Y = 0.72494x+7.6755; MMSE: Y<i>p</i> = -0.0182x+28.6531).</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Overproduction of active efflux pump and variations of OprD dominate in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with bloodstream infections in Taiwan

Oligonucleotide primers used in this study. (DOC 106 kb

Cortical and sub-cortical regions defined in Automated Anatomical Labeling template image in standard stereotaxic space (Each region is divide into left and right).

<p>Cortical and sub-cortical regions defined in Automated Anatomical Labeling template image in standard stereotaxic space (Each region is divide into left and right).</p

Significant differences of 3D-FD values between SCA3 patients and normal subjects at early stage and late stage of disease.

<p>(a) The cerebral cortex. (b) The cerebellar cortex. SCA3 shows significant decreased 3D-FD values at both the early and late stage of disease. Comparing the mean values of 3D-FD values at early stage of disease with that at late stage, the cortical atrophy in SCA3 patient was more substantial at the late stage of disease.</p