The distribution of bioencapsulated ADSCs in different organs 3 weeks after in situ transplantation.

<p>(A) Pancreas; (B) Brain; (C) Kidney; (D) Muscle; (E) Testes; (F) Intestine; (G) Spleen; (H) Lung; and (I) Bone Marrow. The arrows indicated hAAT positive cells (N = 4).</p

The distribution of free ADSCs in different organs 3 weeks after intrasplenic. injection.

<p>(A) Pancreas; (B) Brain; (C) Kidney; (D) Muscle; (E) Testes; (F) Intestine; (G) Spleen; (H) Lung; and (I) Bone Marrow. The arrows indicated hAAT positive cells (N = 4).</p

Assessment of the <i>in vivo</i> fate of bioencapsulated ADSCs 3 weeks after <i>in situ</i> transplantation.

<p>(A-D) Hepatogenic differentiation of bioencapsulated ADSCs: mouse liver stained by anti-hAAT antibody (A and C); Mouse liver stained by anti-albumin antibody (B and D), in which B is the consecutive liver section of A, and D is the consecutive liver section of C; (E) Validation of the specificity of anti-albumin antibody: mouse liver (after PH but without cell transplantation) stained by anti-albumin antibody; (F) Evaluation of the interaction between alginate and anti-hAAT antibody: mouse liver containing empty alginate microspheres stained by anti-hAAT antibody; (G) The proliferative activity of ADSCs within the residual alginate microspheres was detected by anti-ki67 antibody. The arrows indicated ki67 positive cells; (H) Evaluation of generation of anti-human AAT antibody by ELISA. Serum samples collected from normal C57BL/6 mice without any treatment were used as a negative control (NC). The dotted line indicated the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) (N = 4).</p

The survival of bioencapsulated ADSCs in the liver 2 weeks after <i>in situ</i> transplantation.

<p>(A) Detection of intact alginate microspheres 2 hours after transplantation; (B) The enlarged picture of picture A; (C) The hAAT positive donor cells (brown) are detected surrounding the degraded alginate microsphere (DA) 2 weeks after transplantation; (D) The hAAT positive donor cells are detected surrounding the residual alginate microsphere (RA) 2 weeks after transplantation. (E-F) Validation of the specificity of anti-hAAT antibody: (E) Human liver stained by anti-hAAT antibody as a positive control, whereas (F) Mouse liver stained by anti-hAAT antibody as a negative control (N = 2).</p

Characterization of adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) isolated from M-hAAT transgenic mice.

<p>(A) Representative pictures of FACS analysis showing isolated mouse ADSC expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers CD90 and CD105, but not hematopoietic lineage markers, such as CD45, or endothelial cell markers, such as CD31; (B) Detection of human AAT protein in cell culture medium by ELISA; (C) Detection of mouse albumin in cell culture medium by ELISA. Mouse albumin was used as a positive control (PC) and cell culture medium from RAW264.7 was used as a negative control.</p

The bioencapsulation of ADSCs <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>(A) The strategy of <i>in situ</i> transplantation to locally deliver ADSCs into the liver tissue; (B) The morphology of alginate microspheres containing ADSCs after production; (C) The metabolic activities of ADSCs after bioencapsulation. The negative values indicated cells uptake glucose from culture medium; (D) The histology of alginate microspheres containing ADSCs (H&E staining); (E) The enlarged picture of picture D.</p