Comparison between the total and direct effect models of pet ownership type (dog vs. cat ownership) on stress, social loneliness (Loneliness—Social), and emotional loneliness due to the deficits in family relationships (Loneliness—Family) and intimate relationships (Loneliness—Romantic).

Comparison between the total and direct effect models of pet ownership type (dog vs. cat ownership) on stress, social loneliness (Loneliness—Social), and emotional loneliness due to the deficits in family relationships (Loneliness—Family) and intimate relationships (Loneliness—Romantic).</p

Temporal patterns of owner-pet relationship across the four phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Owner-pet relationship is measured using A) the Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS) scale, B) the owner-pet interaction, C) emotional closeness, and D) perceived costs subscales. Higher scores indicate closer attachment to the pet. The mean scores and standard errors (error bars) are derived from mixed linear models (N = 3,579). Purple line: dog ownership; Orange line: cat ownership.</p

Differences in the mean (95% confidence interval) loneliness scores comparing dog, cat, and no-pet groups in each of the four phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Social loneliness (Social) and emotional loneliness due to the deficits in family relationships (Family) and intimate relationships (Romantic) are quantified using the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults Short Version, each range from 1 to 7 with higher scores indicating higher degrees of loneliness. N = 4,166.</p

Descriptive statistics of the study participants by their pet ownership status (No pet, Dog, and Cat).

Descriptive statistics of the study participants by their pet ownership status (No pet, Dog, and Cat).</p

Study cohorts, times of recruitment, and overall retention rates.

Study cohorts, times of recruitment, and overall retention rates.</p

Temporal patterns of loneliness levels by pet ownership groups across the four phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The levels of loneliness are measured using the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults Short Version (SELSA-S) with three subscales: A) social loneliness (Social), B) family emotional loneliness (Family), and C) romantic emotional loneliness (Romantic). Higher scores indicate higher degrees of loneliness. The mean scores and standard errors (error bars) are derived from mixed linear models (N = 4,235). Black line: dog group; Blue line: cat group; Orange line: no-pet group.</p

Temporal patterns of stress level by pet ownership groups across the four phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Stress level is measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), with high scores indicating higher degrees of stress. The mean PSS scores and standard errors (error bars) are derived from a mixed linear model (N = 4,235). Black line: dog group; Blue line: cat group; Orange line: no-pet group.</p

The directed acyclic graph depicts the study’s causal assumptions in the assessment of the effects of pet ownership on stress and loneliness.

Red solid lines represent the direct effects and red dashed lines represent the indirect effects of Pet Ownership on Stress and Loneliness through Owner-Pet Relationship.</p

Supplemental Material, DS1_VET_10.1177_0300985818784160 - Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Canine Pituitary Adenomas Obtained by Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy

<p>Supplemental Material, DS1_VET_10.1177_0300985818784160 for Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Canine Pituitary Adenomas Obtained by Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy by Margaret A. Miller, Tina Jo Owen, David S. Bruyette, J. Catharine Scott-Moncrieff, José A. Ramos-Vara, Hsin-Yi Weng, Annie V. Chen, Linda G. Martin, and Deidre M. DuSold in Veterinary Pathology</p