15 research outputs found
GRB 221009A, The BOAT
GRB 221009A has been referred to as the Brightest Of All Time (the BOAT). We
investigate the veracity of this statement by comparing it with a half century
of prompt gamma-ray burst observations. This burst is the brightest ever
detected by the measures of peak flux and fluence. Unexpectedly, GRB 221009A
has the highest isotropic-equivalent total energy ever identified, while the
peak luminosity is at the th percentile of the known distribution. We
explore how such a burst can be powered and discuss potential implications for
ultra-long and high-redshift gamma-ray bursts. By geometric extrapolation of
the total fluence and peak flux distributions GRB 221009A appears to be a once
in 10,000 year event. Thus, while it almost certainly not the BOAT over all of
cosmic history, it may be the brightest gamma-ray burst since human
civilization began.Comment: Resubmitted to ApJ
BurstCube: A CubeSat for gravitational wave counterparts
BurstCube aims to expand sky coverage in order to detect, localize, and rapidly disseminate information about gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). BurstCube is a\u276U\u27 CubeSat with an instrument comprised of 4 Cesium Iodide (CsI) scintillators coupled to arrays of Silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) and will be sensitive to gamma-rays between 50 keV and 1 MeV. BurstCube will assist current observatories, such as Swift and Fermi, in the detection of GRBs as well as provide astronomical context to gravitational wave (GW) events detected by LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA. BurstCube is currently in its development phase with a launch readiness date in early 2022
Changes in the Surface Texture of Thermoplastic (Monomer-Free) Dental Materials Due to Some Minor Alterations in the Laboratory ProtocolβPreliminary Study
Contemporary thermoplastic monomer-free prosthetic materials are widely used nowadays, and there are a great variety available on the market. These materials are of interest in terms of the improvement of the quality features of the removable dentures. The aim of this study is to establish how minimal changes in the laboratory protocol of polyamide prosthetic base materials influence the surface texture. Two polyamide materials intended for the fabrication of removable dentures bases were usedβPerflex Biosens (BS) and VertexTM ThermoSens (TS). A total number of 20 coin-shaped samples were prepared. They were injected under two different modesβregular, as provided by the manufacturer, and modified, proposed by the authors of this study. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) under four magnificationsβΓ1000, Γ3000, Γ5000, and Γ10,000βwas conducted. With minimal alterations to the melting temperature (5 Β°C) and the pressure (0.5 Bar), in Biosens, no changes in terms of surface improvement were found, whereas in ThermoSens, the surface roughness of the material significantly changed in terms of roughness reduction. By modifying the technological mode during injection molding, a smoother surface was achieved in one of the studied materials
Applications of Coupled Fixed Points for Multivalued Maps in the Equilibrium in Duopoly Markets and in Aquatic Ecosystems
We have obtained a new class of ordered pairs of multivalued maps that have pairs of coupled fixed points. We illustrate the main result with two examples that cover a wide range of models. We apply the main result in models in duopoly markets to get a market equilibrium and in aquatic ecosystems, also to get an equilibrium
Prophylactic Central Neck Lymph Node Dissection Adds No Short-Term Benefit to Total Thyroidectomy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Background and Objectives: To answer the research question: βIs prophylactic central neck lymph node dissection (pCNLD) beneficial among differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients?β Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study enrolling DTC patients treated at the University Hospital Kaspela, Bulgaria, from 30 January 2019 to October 2021. The predictor variable was presence of pCNLD (total thyroidectomy with vs. without pCNLD). The main outcome variables were postoperative complications (i.e., vocal cord paralysis, hypoparathyroidism, postoperative bleeding, and adjacent organ injury) and recurrence parameters. Appropriate statistics were computed with the significant level at p β€ 0.05. Results: During the study period, 300 DTC patients (59.7% with pCNLD; 79.3% females) with an average age of 52 Β± 2.8 years were treated. The mean follow-up period of the entire cohort was 45.8 Β± 19.1 months. On bivariate analyses, TT with pCNLD, when compared to TT alone, required longer surgical time (mean difference: 9.4 min), caused nearly similar complications (except transient hypothyroidism: p = 0.04; relative risk, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.73), and no significantly different recurrence events, time to recurrence, and recurrent sites. The benefitβrisk analyses using the number needed to treat and to harm (NNT; NNH) also confirmed that TT plus pCNLD was not very beneficial in DTC management. Conclusion: The results of this study refute the benefit of pCNLD in DTC patient care with TT. Further well-designed studies in a larger cohort with a longer follow-up period are required to confirm this conclusion
Reputational Crisis Management: Co-authors monograph
International audienceΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ βΠ£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈβ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ βΠΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΌΡΠ½Ρ β ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈβ ΠΈ βΠΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ½Ρβ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. Π΄-Ρ Π§Π°Π²Π΄Π°Ρ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ: ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ; ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; ΠΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠΈ (case studies); Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ» Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°; Π‘Π»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ β Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ
Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; Π’ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ β Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ
ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ; ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° β βΠΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΈΡβ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ β Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ #ΠΠΠΠ‘withme.Table of Contents PREFACE 1. ORGANIZATIONAL REPUTATION: COMMUNICATION AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS. GLOBALIZATION OF REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Chavdar Hristov 1.1. Defining Organizational Reputation 1.2. Reputation from the Perspective of Mass Perceptions and Behavior 1.3. Reputation in Relation to the Corporate Image and Brand 1.4. Reputation as Added Value 1.5. Reputation as Unity between Presentation, Behavior and Communication 1.6. Managerial Aspects of Organizational Reputation 1.7. Globalization and Reputational Crises: Digitalization and Information Leaks 2. REAL, MEDIAβREPORTED AND REPUTATIONAL CRISES. CRISIS MEASUREMENT. Chavdar Hristov 2.1. Real, MediaβReported and Reputational Crises 2.2. Algorithm for Measurement and Analysis of Reputational Crises 2.3. Measuring and Investigating Crisis Situations 2.4. Conclusions and Implications 3. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK. Chavdar Hristov and Kalin Kalinov 3.1. Why case studies? 3.2. Research Design 3.3. Research Protocol 3.4. Validity Indicators 4. MANAGING REPUTATION, RISKS AND CRISES. THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF REPUTATIONAL RISKS AND GUIDELINES FOR THEIR MANAGEMENT. Petar Kardzhilov 4.1. The Term βReputationβ 4.2. Four Aspects of the Reputation Strategy 4.3. Contemporary Challenges in Reputation Management 4.4. Problem Management and Crisis Management 4.5. Four Categories of Reputational Risks 4.6. Guidelines for Managing Different Categoriesof Reputational Risks 4.7. Interconnected Risks 4.8. The Nuclear Disaster in Fukushima 4.9. Conclusion 5. MANAGING REPUTATION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE OF RISK. PREDICTING, PREVENTING AND RESOLVING REPUTATIONAL RISK. Petar Kardzhilov 5.1. Life Cycle of the Reputational Risk 5.2. Predicting Reputational Risks 5.2.1. External Radar for Reputational Risks and Horizon Scanning 5.2.2. Internal Radar for Reputational Risks 5.2.3. Risk Analysis 5.2.4. Evaluating Reputational Risk 5.3. Preventing Reputational Risks 5.3.1. Architecture of Reputational Risk Management β βHardβ Intervention for Reputational Risks Prevention 5.3.2. Reputational Behavior, Leadership and Training β βSoftβ Intervention for Reputational Risk Prevention 5.3.3. Organizational Social Responsibility (Corporate Citizenship) 5.4. Solving Reputational Risks 5.5. Conclusion 6. RUMOURS AS AN EXTERNAL THREAT, LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 6.1. Defining Rumor 6.2. Are Fake News a Rumor 6.3. Rumor from the Reputation Building Perspective 6.4. Rumor and Reputational Crises 6.5. Rumor and Intangible Assets 6.6. Rumors in the Cyberspace Extended Communication 6.7. Conclusion 7. TROLLS AND HACKERSβ EXTERNAL THREATS LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 7.1. Defining Hackers and Trolls or Why the Rumor, Hackers and Trolls are Major Threats for the Reputation in the Modern World 7.2. Correlating Hackersβ and Trollsβ Actions with Reputational Crises 7.3. Conclusion 8. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WHY THE ORGANISATION REPUTATION SUFFERS. Plamen Atanasov 8.1. Defining Computer Viruses 8.2. Viruses from the Reputation Management Perspective 8.3. Protecting the Organizational Reputation from Virus Damage 8.4. Conclusion 9. THE IMPACT OF THE POLITICAL CARTOON ON GLOBAL REPUTATION CRISIS. Boyan Georgiev 9.1. Theoretical Framework and Methodology 9.2. Presenting the Cases of the Danish Newspaper βJyllandsβPostenβ and the French Weekly βCharlie Hebdoβ 9.3. Key Variables Impacting the Development of the Crisis 9.4. Newspaper Characteristics 9.5. Characteristics of the Cartoons in the Cases 9.6. Reputation 9.6.1. National Reputation Before the Crisis 9.6.2. Abrupt Changes in the Organizationβs Image 9.7. Crisis Communication 9.7.1. Communication Strategy for Managing the Reputational Crisis 9.7.2. Goals and Analysis of the Undertaken Crisis Communication 9.7.3. Evaluating the Reaction in Terms of National Image Restoration 9.7.4. PostβCrisis Solutions 9.8. Reputational Ingredients: Presentation, Behavior, Communication 9.9. Implications 9.10. Conclusion 10. REPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF TERRORIST CRISES. Kalin Kalinov 10.1. Recent Data on Terrorist Attacks Worldwide 10.2. Methodology of the Research of the Cases: Manchester 2017 and Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.3. Crisis Analysis: Manchester 2017 10.4. Crisis Analysis: Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.5. Conclusion 11. REPUTATIONAL CRISES IN TOURISM: SPECIFICS AND FEATURES. Hristina Slavova and Kalin Kalinov 11.1. Stability, Crises and Reputation in Tourism 11.2. Basics of Tourism Crisis Communication 11.3. Methodology and Definition of Reputational Crises in Tourism 11.4. Crisis Analysis: Brexit 11.5. Crisis Analysis: The Greek Debt Crisis 11.6. Comparative Analysis of the Crises in the British and Greek Tourism 11.7. Conclusion 12. REPUTATION CRISIS OF STATE INSTITUTIONS IN THE SECURITY SECTOR IN BULGARIA β THE REFUGEE CRISIS AS A TRIGGERING EVENT. Boyan Georgiev 12.1. The European Refugee Crisis (2011β2015) as Research Object 12.2. Importance of Refugee Crises 12.2.1. Importance of the Crises for Bulgaria (2013β2015) 12.2.2. Reputational Importance of the Crises 12.2.3. Importance of the Crises for Government Communication in the Field of Security 12.3. Reputational Crises Triggered by the Refugees Issue 12.4. Research Methodology 12.5. Measuring the Crises in Phase A (July β December 2013) and Phase B (March 2014 β March 2015) 12.6. Comparative Analysis of the Two Cases 12.7. Key Variables in Both Cases 12.8. Crisis Communication in Both Cases 12.9. Evaluation of the Organizationβs Response 12.10. Communication Strategy for Managing Reputational Crisis 12.11. Reputation Building Prior to the Crisis 12.12. Sudden Changes in the Image of Bulgaria 12.13. Factors Impacting the Reputation of the Researched State 12.14. Reputational Ingredients. Presentation, Behavior, Communication 12.15. Implications from the Research Goals 12.16. Conclusion 13. THE #DANSWITHME PROTESTS AS THE BEGINNING OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REPUTATION CRISIS IN BULGARIA. MODEL OF MEDIA IMPACT IN CRISES. Ina Bacheva 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Methodology and Concepts 13.3. Case Study: Mass Protests of 2013 β βLetβs Set the Monopolies on Fireβ and βDANSwithmeβ 13.4. Protests #DANSwithme in 2013 and the Political Crisis in Bulgaria 13.5. The New Communication Environment and the Place of the Media. Influence Model 13.6. Classification of the Influence of Journalistic Tactics in Crisis Reporting 13.7. Model of Media Influence 13.8. Measuring the Crisis with the Appointment of Delyan Peevski as an Argument for Media Influence 13.9. Implications 13.10. Conclusion CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY SUMMAR
Prophylactic Central Neck Lymph Node Dissection Adds No Short-Term Benefit to Total Thyroidectomy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Background and Objectives: To answer the research question: “Is prophylactic central neck lymph node dissection (pCNLD) beneficial among differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients?” Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study enrolling DTC patients treated at the University Hospital Kaspela, Bulgaria, from 30 January 2019 to October 2021. The predictor variable was presence of pCNLD (total thyroidectomy with vs. without pCNLD). The main outcome variables were postoperative complications (i.e., vocal cord paralysis, hypoparathyroidism, postoperative bleeding, and adjacent organ injury) and recurrence parameters. Appropriate statistics were computed with the significant level at p ≤ 0.05. Results: During the study period, 300 DTC patients (59.7% with pCNLD; 79.3% females) with an average age of 52 ± 2.8 years were treated. The mean follow-up period of the entire cohort was 45.8 ± 19.1 months. On bivariate analyses, TT with pCNLD, when compared to TT alone, required longer surgical time (mean difference: 9.4 min), caused nearly similar complications (except transient hypothyroidism: p = 0.04; relative risk, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.73), and no significantly different recurrence events, time to recurrence, and recurrent sites. The benefit–risk analyses using the number needed to treat and to harm (NNT; NNH) also confirmed that TT plus pCNLD was not very beneficial in DTC management. Conclusion: The results of this study refute the benefit of pCNLD in DTC patient care with TT. Further well-designed studies in a larger cohort with a longer follow-up period are required to confirm this conclusion
Reputational Crisis Management: Co-authors monograph
International audienceΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ βΠ£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈβ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ βΠΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΌΡΠ½Ρ β ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈβ ΠΈ βΠΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ½Ρβ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. Π΄-Ρ Π§Π°Π²Π΄Π°Ρ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ: ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ; ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; ΠΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠΈ (case studies); Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ» Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°; Π‘Π»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ β Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ
Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; Π’ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ β Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ
ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ; ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° β βΠΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΈΡβ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ β Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°; Π Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ #ΠΠΠΠ‘withme.Table of Contents PREFACE 1. ORGANIZATIONAL REPUTATION: COMMUNICATION AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS. GLOBALIZATION OF REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Chavdar Hristov 1.1. Defining Organizational Reputation 1.2. Reputation from the Perspective of Mass Perceptions and Behavior 1.3. Reputation in Relation to the Corporate Image and Brand 1.4. Reputation as Added Value 1.5. Reputation as Unity between Presentation, Behavior and Communication 1.6. Managerial Aspects of Organizational Reputation 1.7. Globalization and Reputational Crises: Digitalization and Information Leaks 2. REAL, MEDIAβREPORTED AND REPUTATIONAL CRISES. CRISIS MEASUREMENT. Chavdar Hristov 2.1. Real, MediaβReported and Reputational Crises 2.2. Algorithm for Measurement and Analysis of Reputational Crises 2.3. Measuring and Investigating Crisis Situations 2.4. Conclusions and Implications 3. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK. Chavdar Hristov and Kalin Kalinov 3.1. Why case studies? 3.2. Research Design 3.3. Research Protocol 3.4. Validity Indicators 4. MANAGING REPUTATION, RISKS AND CRISES. THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF REPUTATIONAL RISKS AND GUIDELINES FOR THEIR MANAGEMENT. Petar Kardzhilov 4.1. The Term βReputationβ 4.2. Four Aspects of the Reputation Strategy 4.3. Contemporary Challenges in Reputation Management 4.4. Problem Management and Crisis Management 4.5. Four Categories of Reputational Risks 4.6. Guidelines for Managing Different Categoriesof Reputational Risks 4.7. Interconnected Risks 4.8. The Nuclear Disaster in Fukushima 4.9. Conclusion 5. MANAGING REPUTATION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE OF RISK. PREDICTING, PREVENTING AND RESOLVING REPUTATIONAL RISK. Petar Kardzhilov 5.1. Life Cycle of the Reputational Risk 5.2. Predicting Reputational Risks 5.2.1. External Radar for Reputational Risks and Horizon Scanning 5.2.2. Internal Radar for Reputational Risks 5.2.3. Risk Analysis 5.2.4. Evaluating Reputational Risk 5.3. Preventing Reputational Risks 5.3.1. Architecture of Reputational Risk Management β βHardβ Intervention for Reputational Risks Prevention 5.3.2. Reputational Behavior, Leadership and Training β βSoftβ Intervention for Reputational Risk Prevention 5.3.3. Organizational Social Responsibility (Corporate Citizenship) 5.4. Solving Reputational Risks 5.5. Conclusion 6. RUMOURS AS AN EXTERNAL THREAT, LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 6.1. Defining Rumor 6.2. Are Fake News a Rumor 6.3. Rumor from the Reputation Building Perspective 6.4. Rumor and Reputational Crises 6.5. Rumor and Intangible Assets 6.6. Rumors in the Cyberspace Extended Communication 6.7. Conclusion 7. TROLLS AND HACKERSβ EXTERNAL THREATS LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 7.1. Defining Hackers and Trolls or Why the Rumor, Hackers and Trolls are Major Threats for the Reputation in the Modern World 7.2. Correlating Hackersβ and Trollsβ Actions with Reputational Crises 7.3. Conclusion 8. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WHY THE ORGANISATION REPUTATION SUFFERS. Plamen Atanasov 8.1. Defining Computer Viruses 8.2. Viruses from the Reputation Management Perspective 8.3. Protecting the Organizational Reputation from Virus Damage 8.4. Conclusion 9. THE IMPACT OF THE POLITICAL CARTOON ON GLOBAL REPUTATION CRISIS. Boyan Georgiev 9.1. Theoretical Framework and Methodology 9.2. Presenting the Cases of the Danish Newspaper βJyllandsβPostenβ and the French Weekly βCharlie Hebdoβ 9.3. Key Variables Impacting the Development of the Crisis 9.4. Newspaper Characteristics 9.5. Characteristics of the Cartoons in the Cases 9.6. Reputation 9.6.1. National Reputation Before the Crisis 9.6.2. Abrupt Changes in the Organizationβs Image 9.7. Crisis Communication 9.7.1. Communication Strategy for Managing the Reputational Crisis 9.7.2. Goals and Analysis of the Undertaken Crisis Communication 9.7.3. Evaluating the Reaction in Terms of National Image Restoration 9.7.4. PostβCrisis Solutions 9.8. Reputational Ingredients: Presentation, Behavior, Communication 9.9. Implications 9.10. Conclusion 10. REPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF TERRORIST CRISES. Kalin Kalinov 10.1. Recent Data on Terrorist Attacks Worldwide 10.2. Methodology of the Research of the Cases: Manchester 2017 and Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.3. Crisis Analysis: Manchester 2017 10.4. Crisis Analysis: Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.5. Conclusion 11. REPUTATIONAL CRISES IN TOURISM: SPECIFICS AND FEATURES. Hristina Slavova and Kalin Kalinov 11.1. Stability, Crises and Reputation in Tourism 11.2. Basics of Tourism Crisis Communication 11.3. Methodology and Definition of Reputational Crises in Tourism 11.4. Crisis Analysis: Brexit 11.5. Crisis Analysis: The Greek Debt Crisis 11.6. Comparative Analysis of the Crises in the British and Greek Tourism 11.7. Conclusion 12. REPUTATION CRISIS OF STATE INSTITUTIONS IN THE SECURITY SECTOR IN BULGARIA β THE REFUGEE CRISIS AS A TRIGGERING EVENT. Boyan Georgiev 12.1. The European Refugee Crisis (2011β2015) as Research Object 12.2. Importance of Refugee Crises 12.2.1. Importance of the Crises for Bulgaria (2013β2015) 12.2.2. Reputational Importance of the Crises 12.2.3. Importance of the Crises for Government Communication in the Field of Security 12.3. Reputational Crises Triggered by the Refugees Issue 12.4. Research Methodology 12.5. Measuring the Crises in Phase A (July β December 2013) and Phase B (March 2014 β March 2015) 12.6. Comparative Analysis of the Two Cases 12.7. Key Variables in Both Cases 12.8. Crisis Communication in Both Cases 12.9. Evaluation of the Organizationβs Response 12.10. Communication Strategy for Managing Reputational Crisis 12.11. Reputation Building Prior to the Crisis 12.12. Sudden Changes in the Image of Bulgaria 12.13. Factors Impacting the Reputation of the Researched State 12.14. Reputational Ingredients. Presentation, Behavior, Communication 12.15. Implications from the Research Goals 12.16. Conclusion 13. THE #DANSWITHME PROTESTS AS THE BEGINNING OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REPUTATION CRISIS IN BULGARIA. MODEL OF MEDIA IMPACT IN CRISES. Ina Bacheva 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Methodology and Concepts 13.3. Case Study: Mass Protests of 2013 β βLetβs Set the Monopolies on Fireβ and βDANSwithmeβ 13.4. Protests #DANSwithme in 2013 and the Political Crisis in Bulgaria 13.5. The New Communication Environment and the Place of the Media. Influence Model 13.6. Classification of the Influence of Journalistic Tactics in Crisis Reporting 13.7. Model of Media Influence 13.8. Measuring the Crisis with the Appointment of Delyan Peevski as an Argument for Media Influence 13.9. Implications 13.10. Conclusion CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY SUMMAR
Diagnosis and treatment of liver abscesses
Pyogenic abscesses are rare and difficult problem for modern surgery because of the high mortality rate. After the 70s of the last century the introduction of new image methods as ultrasound diagnostics, percutaneous and direct cholangiography and biliary drainage, guided aspiration, and percutaneous drainage of the abscess cavity dramatically changed both the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. The routine diagnostic methods are ultrasound and CT scan. Percutaneous aspiration and drainage under ultrasound or CT control is applied as first-line treatment of hepatic abscesses.Scripta Scientifica Medica 2008; 40(2): 137-139