Farmer participation in research and extension: The key to achieving adoption of more sustainable cassava production practices on sloping land in Asia and their impact on farmers´ income

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the third most important food crop in southeast Asia, where it is usually grown by smallholders in marginal areas of sloping or undulating land. Farmers grow cassava because the crop will tolerate long dry periods and poor soils, and will produce reasonable yields with minimum inputs. Most farmers realize, however, that cassava production on slopes can cause severe erosion, while production without fertilizer or manure inputs will lead to a gradual decline in soil productivity. Current production practices may thus not be sustainable. Research has shown that cassava yields can be maintained for many years with adequate application of fertilizers or manures, and that there are various ways to reduce erosion. Adoption of erosion control practices, however, has been minimal as farmers generally see little short-term benefits, while initial costs of establishing these practices may be substantial. In order to enhance the adoption of soil conserving practices and improve the sustainability of cassava production under a wide range of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions, a farmer participatory research (FPR) approach was used to develop not only the most suitable soil conservation practices, but also to test new cassava varieties, fertilization practices and cropping systems that tend to produce greater short-term benefits. The FP