The history of language learning and teaching in Britain

This article provides an introduction, based on the most recent research available, to the history of language learning and teaching (HoLLT) in Britain. After an overview of the state of research, I consider which languages have been learnt, why and how that has changed; the role of teachers and tests in determining what was taught; changes in how languages have been taught (and why); and the emergence of the modern infrastructure of language teaching policy and practice. I conclude with case study of the contribution of Walter Rippmann, a key figure, in the period 1895 to ca. 1920, a time of professionalisation of language teaching and of efforts towards innovation and change, which set the agenda for many of the major developments of the twentieth century, including a call for scientifically based language teaching and a greater emphasis on the spoken language

Artigo revisão: colagem de folhas cerâmicas Review article: tape casting

A colagem de folhas cerâmicas (tape casting) é uma técnica de fabricação de peças cerâmicas de espessura fina e grande área superficial, usadas principalmente na indústria eletrônica como substratos de circuitos e capacitores de multicamadas. O processo consiste essencialmente na formação de uma barbotina e na colagem desta por meio de uma lâmina niveladora sobre uma superfície, geralmente móvel. Depois da secagem, é produzida uma folha flexível e resistente que pode então ser sinterizada. Neste artigo de revisão, são discutidos alguns conceitos teóricos envolvidos na formulação da barbotina, bem como aspectos tecnológicos do processo de colagem de folhas cerâmicas.<br>Tape casting is a fabrication technique of thin ceramic sheets with large surface areas which are used mainly in the electronic industry as substrates and multilayered capacitors. The process consists essentially in forming a slurry and in casting it through a doctor blade on a generally moving surface. After drying, a flexible, resistant tape is produced which can be then sintered. In this review some theoretical concepts involved in the slurry formulation, as well as technical points of the tape casting process are discussed