Effets combinés des feuilles de Newbouldia laevis et de Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes sur les nématodes parasites gastro-intestinaux des ovins Djallonké

En élevage des petits ruminants, la gestion des parasitoses gastro-intestinales reste une préoccupation majeure à laquelle l’ethnopharmacopée est associée. La présente étude vise à comparer l’effet combiné des poudres, puis des extraits méthanoliques de deux plantes (Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes et Newbouldia laevis) sur les parasites gastro-intestinaux des agneaux Djallonké. Ainsi, les effets anthelminthiques de la consommation de la poudre de feuilles des deux plantes ont été évalués pour des traitements sur un et trois jours consécutifs. Les poudres ont été administrées séparément à la dose de 3,8 g/kg de poids vif pour chaque plante, puis combinées à hauteur de 50% de cette dose pour chaque plante (Mixte 1) et à hauteur de 100% de la même dose (Mixte 2). Quant à l’extrait méthanolique, un traitement sur trois jours consécutifs a été testé à la dose de 0,6 g/kg de poids corporel. Le traitement de trois jours avec les poudres de feuille a induit une réduction significative (p ≤ 0,01) de l’excrétion fécale des oeufs avec une efficacité plus marquée pour Z. zanthoxyloïdes et les traitements mixtes. L’administration des extraits méthanoliques pendant trois jours a montré après sacrifice des animaux et dénombrement des nématodes une diminution significative (p ≤ 0,05) du nombre de vers adultes de T. colubriformis avec Z. zanthoxyloïdes, Mixte 1 et Mixte 2 et de H. contortus avec Z. zanthoxyloïdes, N. laevis et Mixte 2. Par contre, les réductions d’excrétion des oeufs induites par les traitements avec les extraits seuls ou combinés ne sont pas significatives (p > 0,05). Les poudres des feuilles de Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes et Newbouldia laevis administrées séparément ou en combinaison sur trois jours consécutifs perturbent donc la prolificité de H. contortus et de T. colubriformis pendant que l’application  des extraits méthanoliques des deux plantes, seules ou associées, affectent leur viabilité. Ces deux plantes de même que leurs combinaisons à bonne dose pourraient alors constituer une alternative à la chimiothérapie pour contrôler les principaux parasites gastro-intestinaux.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Agneaux Djallonké, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes, Newbouldia laevis, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, OPGEnglish AbstractThe management of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in small ruminant production remains a major concern which associates ethnopharmacology. This study aimed at comparing the combination of powders and methanol extracts of two plants (Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Newbouldia laevis) on gastrointestinal parasites of Djallonke lambs. Thus, the anthelmintic effects of the consumption of the two plants leaves powder were evaluated for treatment on one and three consecutive days. The powders were separately administered at the dose of 3.8 g/kg body weight for each plant and then combined with 50% of this dose to each plant (Mixed 1) and up to 100% of the same dose (Mixed 2). For the methanol extract, a treatment on three consecutive days was tested at the dose of 0.6 g/kg body weight. The three-day treatment with the leaves powder induced a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.01) fecal excretion of eggs with a greater efficacy for Z. zanthoxyloides and mixed treatments. The administration of the methanol extracts for three days showed after the slaughtering of animals and enumeration of nematodes a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) of the number of adult worms of T. colubriformis with Z. zanthoxyloides, Mixed 1 and 2 and H. contortus with Z. zanthoxyloides, N. laevis and Mixed 2. In contrast, the egg excretion reductions induced by treatments with extracts alone  or combined, are not significant (p> 0.05). Leaves powders of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Newbouldia laevis administered separately or in combination on three consecutive days therefore disturb the prolificacy of H. contortus and T. colubriformis while the application of methanolic extracts of both plants alone or in combination, affect their viability. Both plants and their combinations, at correct doses could then, as an alternative to chemotherapy, control major gastrointestinal parasites.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Djallonke lambs, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Newbouldia laevis, Haemonchus  contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, EP

Effet des feuilles de Moringa oleifera et de Commelina benghalensis sur les performances de croissance et les caractéristiques de carcasse des cochons d’Inde (Cavia porcellus) au Sud-Bénin

Objectifs: pour évaluer l’effet de la complémentation aux feuilles de Moringa oléifera (ben ailé) et Commelina benghalensis (herbe du porc) sur la croissance, les rendements de carcasses des cobayes.Méthodologie et Résultats: Ainsi, un essai de 7 semaines a été conduit. Soixante-dix (70) cobayes (50% de femelles et 50% de mâles) âgés de 10 à 12 semaines ont été utilisés. Chaque groupe de cobayes de même sexe a été réparti en 5 lots de 7 cobayes correspondant aux rations expérimentales : ration T à base uniquement de son de blé, ration M20 composée de son de blé et la poudre des feuilles séchées du ben ailé au taux d’incorporation de 20%, rations C10, C20 et C30 composées de son de blé contenant la poudre des parties aériennes séchées de l’herbe du porc respectivement aux taux d’incorporation de 10%, 20% et 30%. Les gains moyens quotidiens (GMQ) les plus élevés ont été obtenus pour les lots T (3,2g chez les mâles et 2,63g chez les femelles). Les femelles des lots M20, C10 et C20 ont eu les rendements de carcasse sans tête les plus élevés variant de 60,1% à 74,2%.Conclusion et applications des résultats: Les différentes rations expérimentales ont induit un gain de poids chez les cobayes au cours de l’essai. La ration T uniquement à base de son blé a induit les gains moyens quotidiens les plus élevés, cependant à l’abattage les animaux ayant reçu cette ration ont montré un dépôt de tissu adipeux. L’emploi exclusif du son de blé dans la complémentation des cobayes est donc à éviter. La ration M20 a induit des troubles de croissance chez certains cobayes, il serait donc préférable de réduire le taux d’incorporation de 20% utilisé dans cet essai pour de meilleurs résultats. Commelina benghalensis a induit un meilleur rendement carcasse au taux d’incorporation de 10%, son utilisation en alimentation caviacole est recommandée. Cependant son utilisation sous forme de fourrage frais doit être envisagée pour une amélioration des performances de croissance.Mots clés: Cavia porcellus, complémentation, croissance, Commelina benghalensis, Moringa oléiferaEnglish Title:  Effect of Moringa oleifera and Commelina benghalensis leaves on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) in South of BeninEnglish AbstractObjectives: to evaluate, the influence of the supplementation of their diet by Moringa oleifera (horse-radish tree) and Commelina benghalensis (Bengal day flower) leaves on the growth rate and carcass characteristics of guinea pig.Methodology and Results: Thus a seven-week trial was conducted. Seventy (70) guinea pigs (50% of females and 50% of males) aged between 10 to 12 weeks were randomly allotted to five groups of 7 males and 7 females corresponding to five experimental feeds such as diet T with wheat bran only, diet M20 with wheat bran and 20% of horse-radish tree leaves powder as supplement, diets C10, C20 and C30 containing wheat bran and graded levels (10%, 20% and 30%) of Bengal day flower over ground parts dried and mixed as supplement. The highest mean weekly weight gains (GMQ) were obtained for groups T (3.2g for males and 2.63g for females). Females for groups M20, C10 and C20 had the highest values of carcass without head yields varying from 60.1 % to 74.2 %.Conclusion and application of results: The different experimental feeds induced a gain of body weight of the guinea pigs during the test. The diet T with wheat bran only induced the highest weekly weight gains, although after slaughter, guinea pigs which receive this diet showed a deposit of adipose tissue. The exclusive use of wheat bran as supplement of guinea pig must be avoided. The diet M20 induced a trouble on growth of some guinea pigs, it is also preferable to reduce the supplement level for best results. Commelina benghalensis induces better carcass at the rate of incorporation of 10%, its use in feeding guinea pigs is recommended. However its use in the form of fresh forage should be considered for an improvement in growth performance.Keywords: Cavia porcellus, supplementation, growth, Commelina benghalensis, Moringa oléifer

Importances zootechniques et parasites internes des porcs de race locale (Sus crofa domesticus) élevés au Bénin: synthèse bibliographique

En Afrique et particulièrement au Bénin, l’élevage du porc constitue une activité génératrice de revenu. Toutefois, les acteurs de ce secteur sont confrontés à de nombreuses difficultés dont le parasitisme qui entraîne une baisse de production et de productivité. Le présent travail a pour but de faire une revue de littérature sur les parasites qui affectent l’élevage des porcs en Afrique et particulièrement au Bénin. De l’analyse des données collectées, il ressort que trois types d’élevage sont pratiqués au Bénin : l’élevage traditionnel, prédominant et pratiqué à 65%, l’élevage semi-intensif ou semi moderne à 32% et enfin l’élevage intensif ou moderne à 3%. L’amélioration des conditions d’élevage et particulièrement l’alimentation du porc indigène d’Afrique est favorable à l’expression de son potentiel zootechnique. Malgré l’optimalisation des rations, les performances zootechniques du porc local restent encore faibles par rapport à celles des races améliorées. Très peu d’étude sont abordé la prévalence des parasites internes du porc au plan national, mais parmi les parasites rapportés, on a noté : Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, le genre Hyostrongylus et d'autres parasites internes du porc. Il s’impose de mener une étude sur les parasites du porc au Bénin afin de déterminer la prévalence des différents parasites et le danger que ces derniers représentent pour le développement de cette filière.   English title: Zootechnical importance and internal parasites of local pigs (Sus crofa domesticus) raised in Benin: bibliographic synthesis In Africa, and particularly in Benin, pig farming is an income-generating activity. However, the actors of this sector are confronted with many difficulties, including parasitism which leads to a decrease in production and productivity. The aim of this study is to review the literature on parasites affecting pig farming in Africa, articularly in Benin. From the analysis of the data collected, it appears that three types of livestock production are practised in Benin: traditional livestock production, which is predominant and practised at 65%, semiintensive or semi-modern livestock production at 32% and finally intensive or modern livestock production at 3%. The improvement of breeding conditions and particularly the feeding of the indigenous African pig is favorable to the expression of its zootechnical potential. Despite the optimization of rations, the zootechnical performance of local pigs is still low compared to that of improved breeds. Very few studies have addressed the prevalence of internal parasites of pigs at the national level, but among the parasites reported were: Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, the genus Hyostrongylus and other internal parasites of pigs. It is necessary to conduct a study on pig parasites in Benin in order to determine the prevalence of the different parasites and the danger that they represent for the development of this sector

Anthelmintic flavonoids and other compounds from Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC (Combretaceae) leaves

A chemical study of the hydro-ethanol extract of the leaves of Combretum glutinosum resulted in the isolation of nine com­pounds, including 5-de­methyl­sin­en­se­tin (1), umuhengerin (2), (20S,24R)-ocotillone (3), lupeol (4), β-sitosterol (5), oleanolic acid (6), betulinic acid (7), corymbosin (8) and β-sito­sterol glucoside (9). Four com­pounds have been isolated for the first time from the genus Combretum [viz. (1), (2), (3) and (8)]. The crystal structures of flavonoid (2), C20H20O8, Z′ = 2, and triterpene (3), C30H50O3, Z′ = 1, have been determined for the first time; the latter confirmed the absolute configuration of native (20S,24R)-ocotillone previously derived from the crystal structures of related derivatives. The mol­ecules of (3) are linked into supra­molecular chains by inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crude extracts obtained by aqueous decoction and hydro-ethano­lic maceration, as well as the nine isolated com­pounds, were tested for their anthelmintic activity on the larvae and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus, a hematophage that causes parasitic disorders in small ruminants. The evaluated anthelmintic activity showed that the extracts at different doses, as well as all the com­pounds tested at 150 µg ml−1, inhibited the migration of the larvae and the motility of the adult worms of the parasite com­pared with the phosphate buffer solution negative reference control. The best activity was obtained with flavonoids (1), (2) and (8) on both stages of the parasite. The flavones that showed good activity can be used for the further development of other derivatives, which could increase the anthelmintic efficacy

Ethnoveterinary survey of trypanocidal medicinal plants of the beninese pharmacopoeia in the management of bovine trypanosomosis in North Benin (West Africa)

Cattle breeding is of great socio-economic importance for Benin's cattle farmers in general and those of North Benin in particular. The objective of this study is to inventory the natural products of medicinal plants of the Beninese pharmacopoeia for the management of trypanosomes in cattle in North Benin. The methodology consisted of individual and semi-structured interviews with cattle farmers on the use of medicinal plants. A total of 360 cattle farmers were selected and interviewed in twelve villages in four municipalities (Tchaourou, N'dali, Bembèrèkè and Gogounou) in northern Benin. Different quantitative ethnobotanical indices were calculated to determine the level of use of plant species. The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF = 0.918) and the Generic Coefficient (Rg = 1.04) were evaluated. The knowledge of medicinal plants was influenced by the level of education and the main activity of those who practiced animal husbandry. The results yielded 48 medicinal plants for veterinary use belonging to 46 genera and 28 families. The Leguminosae family (12.50%) was the most represented. The most cited plants with a RFC above 10% were K. senegalensis, P. africana, K. africana, M. inermis, S. latifolius, M. polyandra. The parts used were leaves (46.15%); barks (24.62%) and roots (15.38%). Decoction (53.23%), plundering (32.26%) and maceration (11.26%) were the main methods of preparation. The administration was mainly by oral route. The calculated indices show a high diversity of medicinal plants with trypanocidal properties in the control of cattle trypanosomosis in the Sudanese and Sudano-Guinean zones of northern Benin. Plant species with high citation and RFC values should be selected for comprehensive pharmacological and phytochemical research to validate this ethnomedical knowledge in the management of cattle trypanosomosis

Fractionation Coupled to Molecular Networking: Towards Identification of Anthelmintic Molecules in Terminalia leiocarpa (DC.) Baill

Terminalia leiocarpa is a medicinal plant widely used in ethnoveterinary medicine to treat digestive parasitosis whose extracts were shown to be active against gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic ruminants. The objective of our study was to identify compounds responsible for this activity. Column fractionation was performed, and the activity of the fractions was assessed in vitro on Haemonchus contortus and Caenorhabditis elegans as well as their cytotoxicity on WI38 fibroblasts. Two fractions were the most active on both nematode models and less cytotoxic. LC-MS/MS analysis and manual dereplication coupled to molecular networking allowed identification of the main compounds: ellagic acid and derivatives, gallic acid, astragalin, rutin, quinic acid, and fructose. Other potentially identified compounds such as shikimic acid, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose or an isomer, quercetin-3-O-(6-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside or an isomer, and a trihydroxylated triterpenoid bearing a sugar as rosamultin are reported in this plant for the first time. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of the available major compounds showed that ellagic and gallic acids were the most effective in inhibiting the viability of C. elegans. Their quantification in fractions 8 and 9 indicated the presence of about 8.6 and 7.1 µg/mg ellagic acid and about 9.6 and 2.0 µg/mg gallic acid respectively. These concentrations are not sufficient to justify the activity observed. Ellagic acid derivatives and other compounds that were found to be positively correlated with the anthelmintic activity of the fractions may have additive or synergistic effects when combined, but other unidentified compounds could also be implicated in the observed activity

Ethnoveterinary knowledge of sheep and goat farmers in Benin (West Africa): effect of socioeconomic and environmental factors.

Sheep and goats are two of the main animal species raised in Benin and one of the main sources of income for people living in rural areas. Faced with the inaccessibility of synthetic veterinary products and their low purchasing power, the majority of breeders use ethnoveterinary practices to treat small ruminants diseases. The specific objectives of the current study were (1) to document the traditional knowledge regarding the disorder groups treated and the medicinal plants used in the health and zootechnical management of small ruminants in Benin and (2) to assess the effect of gender, ethnicity, agro-ecological zone and herd size associated with them. To achieve these objectives, an ethnoveterinary survey was conducted in different agro-ecological zones from September 2018 to February 2019. A questionnaire was administered to 506 breeders. The data were analyzed through calculation of the Fidelity Level (FL), Cultural Importance Index (CI) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Ten disorder groups were treated by the people surveyed. These were mainly digestive disorders (D) and reproductive disorders (W), both presenting a ICF value of 0.8. A total of 101 medicinal plants belonging to 42 families and 90 genera were recorded. , and were the most important plants with CI values of 0.208, 0.125 and 0.121, respectively. Gender, ethnicity, agro-ecological zone and flocks size were the socioeconomic and environmental factors that significantly influenced the level of ethnoveterinary knowledge. Chemical and biological analysis are needed on less studied plants such as, , , and