16 research outputs found

    A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies

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    Background The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. Methodology and Principal Findings Leishmania and sandfly classification has always been a controversial matter, and the increasing number of species currently described further complicates this issue. Despite several hypotheses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of Leishmania and sandflies in the Old and New World, no consistent agreement exists regarding dissemination of the actors that play roles in leishmaniasis. For this purpose, we present here three centuries of research on sandflies and Leishmania descriptions, as well as a complete description of Leishmania and sandfly fossils and the emergence date of each Leishmania and sandfly group during different geographical periods, from 550 million years ago until now. We discuss critically the different approaches that were used for Leishmana and sandfly classification and their synonymies, proposing an updated classification for each species of Leishmania and sandfly. We update information on the current distribution and dispersion of different species of Leishmania (53), sandflies (more than 800 at genus or subgenus level), and animal reservoirs in each of the following geographical ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Malagasy, and Australian. We propose an updated list of the potential and proven sandfly vectors for each Leishmania species in the Old and New World. Finally, we address a classical question about digenetic Leishmania evolution: which was the first host, a vertebrate or an invertebrate? Conclusions and Significance We propose an updated view of events that have played important roles in the geographical dispersion of sandflies, in relation to both the Leishmania species they transmit and the animal reservoirs of the parasites

    La technique de la réforme des codes français de droit privé

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    Houin R. La technique de la réforme des codes français de droit privé. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 8 N°1, Janvier-mars 1956. pp. 9-27

    Le Code de commerce syrien de 1949

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    Houin Roger. Le Code de commerce syrien de 1949. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 5 N°4, Octobre-décembre 1953. pp. 675-681

    Le droit de la famille dans l'avant-projet de Code civil français et le droit comparé

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    Houin R. Le droit de la famille dans l'avant-projet de Code civil français et le droit comparé. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 9 N°2, Avril-juin 1957. pp. 373-378

    La prise de contrôle d'une société par actions (à l'exclusion du contrôle des concentrations d'entreprises)

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    Houin Roger. La prise de contrôle d'une société par actions (à l'exclusion du contrôle des concentrations d'entreprises). In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 38 N°2, Avril-juin 1986. Études de droit contemporain. Contributions françaises au 12e Congrès international de droit comparé (Sydney-Melbourne, 18-26 août 1986) pp. 567-573

    Le progrès de la science et le droit de la preuve

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    Houin R. Le progrès de la science et le droit de la preuve. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 5 N°1, Janvier-mars 1953. pp. 69-75

    Les sociétés de type européen

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    Houin Roger. Les sociétés de type européen. In: Travaux du Comité français de droit international privé, 23-25e année, 1962-1964. 1965. pp. 19-59

    Le groupement d'entreprises vu à l'échelle européenne

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    Houin Roger. Le groupement d'entreprises vu à l'échelle européenne. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 17 N°2, Avril-juin 1965. pp. 321-327
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