Trust in justice and the legitimacy of legal authorities: topline findings from a European comparative study

Issues of public trust in justice and institutional legitimacy are becoming increasingly salient in debate about criminal justice across Europe. Legitimate authority can be defined as having three interlinked elements: (a) legality (acting according to the law); (b) shared values (values that are shared by those with authority and those subject to that authority); and (c) consent (the sense amongst the policed of a moral obligation to obey the authority). According to this definition, legitimacy is present not only when individuals recognise the authority of institutions and feel a corresponding duty of deference to them (consent); it is also present when individuals believe that justice institutions have a proper moral purpose (shared values), and that justice institutions follow their own rules as well as the rules that govern everyone in society (legality). With this definition in mind, we analyse in this chapter data from the fifth European Social Survey on relationships between public trust in justice institutions and public perceptions of the legitimacy of these institutions

Tackling Anti-Social Behaviour: A Critical Review

Over the past decade, anti-social behaviour (henceforth referred to as ASB) has become a focus of much policy-making and debate within central and local government and the police. Clear definitions of ASB are lacking, but the term is usually understood to refer to relatively minor criminal activity and non-criminal ‘nuisance’ behaviour that affects the social and/or physical environment of public or semi-public places. The term ASB is frequently used synonymously with ‘disorder’, and is sometimes associated with the concept of ‘incivilities’. Policy-makers and strategists, at national and local levels alike, reiterate that problems of ASB can have a massively detrimental effect on neighbourhoods as a whole, and on the lives of individuals. Hence strenuous and wide-ranging efforts are being made to support, develop and implement schemes for tackling ASB – involving a variety of enforcement and preventive measures

Near-IR Spectropolarimetry of NGC 1088

Original paper can be found at: http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/cs/035-069.html--Copyright Astronomical Society of the PacificThe current unified model of Seyfert galaxies, as proposed by Antonucci and Miller (1985), has most, if not all, Seyfert 2 galaxies hosting a Seyfert 1 type nucleus in their cores. The broad lines from the type 1 nucleus can be scattered and be seen in the polarized flux spectrum, provided the geometry is correct. Whether the mechanism is electron or dust scattering has been a question of some debate. Since dust would normally have a low scattering efficiency in the infrared, near-IR spectropolarimetry should help in determing the nature of the scatterers. To this end we present the first near-IR spectropolarimetry of NGC 1068 a "Seyfert 2" galaxy in which polarized broad lines have been observed at optical wavelengths

Energy Balance During a Self-Sufficient, Multistage Ultramarathon

Endurance athletes are recommended to maintain energy balance and ensure adequate energy availability (EA) so that endurance performance is not compromised. Purpose: Describe and evaluate the energy balance of an athlete competing in a self-sufficient, multistage ultramarathon (MSU). Methods: A male endurance athlete (age 35 years; height 183.0 cm; body mass 78.4 kg; VO2max 66 ml/kg/min) volunteered to take part in this observational case study prior to competing in the Marathon des Sables (MdS) 2016. The subject self-reported energy intake (EI) by reviewing his dietary plan following each stage. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was estimated prior to the MdS based on fat-free mass. Distance and moving speed were recorded using a GPS device throughout the race. Exercise energy expenditure (EEE) was calculated using the GPS device algorithm. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated by adding the athlete’s BMR to the recorded EEE. Energy balance was calculated by subtracting EI from TEE. Results: Mean daily EI was 2946 ± 358 kcal and daily EEE was 3006 ± 1030 kcal. This resulted in a total energy deficit of 9609 kcal with a daily energy deficit of 1922 ± 952 kcal/day. The athlete did not report any subjective feelings of hunger at any point during the event. Conclusions: The athlete did not consume enough calories to meet estimated energy requirements, resulting in a negative energy balance and low EA throughout the event. Relying on subjective perception of hunger to modulate energy intake is an ineffective strategy during a MSU

Determinantal Processes and Independence

We give a probabilistic introduction to determinantal and permanental point processes. Determinantal processes arise in physics (fermions, eigenvalues of random matrices) and in combinatorics (nonintersecting paths, random spanning trees). They have the striking property that the number of points in a region $D$ is a sum of independent Bernoulli random variables, with parameters which are eigenvalues of the relevant operator on $L^2(D)$. Moreover, any determinantal process can be represented as a mixture of determinantal projection processes. We give a simple explanation for these known facts, and establish analogous representations for permanental processes, with geometric variables replacing the Bernoulli variables. These representations lead to simple proofs of existence criteria and central limit theorems, and unify known results on the distribution of absolute values in certain processes with radially symmetric distributions.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/154957806000000078 in the Probability Surveys (http://www.i-journals.org/ps/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

The Beinecke Lesser Antilles Collection at Hamilton College: A Catalogue of Books, Manuscripts, Prints, Maps, and Drawings, 1521-1860

This distinguished catalogue of the Lesser Antilles provides extensive, precise descriptions of approximately one thousand printed books and one thousand manuscripts that Walter Beinecke, Jr., collected over several decades and donated to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, where he was a trustee. The collection includes hundreds of rare original documents, fifty maps, plantation reports, correspondence, and oil paintings and watercolors. The catalogue of the Walter Beinecke, Jr., Collection describes unique manuscript material and many rare books more fully than previously available in bibliographies. The Houghs have applied advanced bibliographical knowledge to this work and in some instances have added cogent historical annotation. The collection\u27s content addresses issues of broad international significance. Full understanding of the early history of the United States can best be achieved by studying interaction among the European states and the Antilles, as well as the commercial connection between the continental colonies and the Antilles. During the century and a half represented in this collection, England grew from a northern European power to a dominant world power, its growth largely funded by wealth provided from the Indies. This work will be invaluable to libraries with holdings in Caribbean material, slave and slave trade material, economic history, American cartography, early American history, and general American travel books. It will be useful to all historians writing on the history of the region or on the history of colonialism and the slave trade generally. 414 pages : illustrations ; 29 cmhttps://digitalcommons.hamilton.edu/books/1063/thumbnail.jp

Researching trust in the police and trust in justice: a UK perspective

This paper describes the immediate and more distant origins of a programme of comparative research that is examining cross-national variations in public trust in justice and in the police. The programme is built around a module of the fifth European Social Survey, and evolved from a study funded by the European Commission. The paper describes the conceptual framework within which we are operating – developed in large measure from theories of procedural justice. It reviews some of the methodological issues raised by the use of sample surveys to research issues of public trust in the police, public perceptions of institutional legitimacy and compliance with the law. Finally it gives a flavour of some of the early findings emerging from the programme