6 research outputs found
Federated Learning in Big Model Era: Domain-Specific Multimodal Large Models
Multimodal data, which can comprehensively perceive and recognize the
physical world, has become an essential path towards general artificial
intelligence. However, multimodal large models trained on public datasets often
underperform in specific industrial domains. This paper proposes a multimodal
federated learning framework that enables multiple enterprises to utilize
private domain data to collaboratively train large models for vertical domains,
achieving intelligent services across scenarios. The authors discuss in-depth
the strategic transformation of federated learning in terms of intelligence
foundation and objectives in the era of big model, as well as the new
challenges faced in heterogeneous data, model aggregation, performance and cost
trade-off, data privacy, and incentive mechanism. The paper elaborates a case
study of leading enterprises contributing multimodal data and expert knowledge
to city safety operation management , including distributed deployment and
efficient coordination of the federated learning platform, technical
innovations on data quality improvement based on large model capabilities and
efficient joint fine-tuning approaches. Preliminary experiments show that
enterprises can enhance and accumulate intelligent capabilities through
multimodal model federated learning, thereby jointly creating an smart city
model that provides high-quality intelligent services covering energy
infrastructure safety, residential community security, and urban operation
management. The established federated learning cooperation ecosystem is
expected to further aggregate industry, academia, and research resources,
realize large models in multiple vertical domains, and promote the large-scale
industrial application of artificial intelligence and cutting-edge research on
multimodal federated learning
Comparative study of eggshell antibacterial effectivity in precocial and altricial birds using Escherichia coli.
In this study, we compared the antibacterial effectivity of the eggs of six precocial and four altricial bird species using Escherichia coli, based on their eggshell traits. The ultrastructure of eggshell was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to SEM results, eggs from precocial birds (chicken, turkey, quail, duck, ostrich, and goose) had cuticle on the eggshells, while eggs from altricial birds (pigeon, budgerigar, munia, and canary) did not. The environment/selection pressure may induce the divergent evolution process in eggs of precocial and altricial birds. The E. coli experiment results showed that chicken, turkey, quail, duck, and goose eggs, with a high cuticle opacity, exhibited a much lower E. coli penetration rate. In contrast, the eggs with poor (ostrich) or without (pigeon, budgerigar, munia, and canary) cuticle exhibited a higher penetration rate. It is suggested that cuticle is a main barrier against bacterial penetration in precocial birds' eggs. Turkey and quail eggs showed the lowest E. coli contamination rate (3.33% and 2.22%, respectively), probably because of the tightly connected nanosphere structure on their cuticle. As for altricial birds' eggs, the eggs of budgerigar, munia, and canary with small pore diameter (0.57 to 1.22 μm) had a lower E. coli penetration rate than pigeon eggs (45.56%, 66.67%, 50%, and 97.78%, respectively, P < 0.05), indicating that pore diameter played a significant role in defending against bacterial trans-shell invasion. We found that eggshell thickness and pore area decreased with egg size. The cuticle quality had no relationship with egg size, but was closely related to the bird species. The E. coli penetration rate of altricial birds' eggs was significantly higher than that of precocial birds' eggs, mainly because the pores are exposed on the eggshell surface and cuticle protection is absent. This study provides detailed information on the eggshell cuticle, which gives insight into the cuticle evolution process that occurred in precocial and altricial bird species. Moreover, the results of E. coli penetration may help understanding the antibacterial behavior in birds
Highly Efficient Phosphate Sequestration in Aqueous Solutions Using Nanomagnesium Hydroxide Modified Polystyrene Materials
Phosphate
removal is important for the control of eutrophication, and adsorption
may serve as a powerful supplement to biological phosphate sequestration.
Here, we develop a new composite adsorbent (denoted as HMO-PN) by
encapsulating active nano-MgÂ(OH)<sub>2</sub> onto macroporous polystyrene
beads modified with fixed quaternary ammonium groups [CH<sub>2</sub>N<sup>+</sup>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Cl]. The N<sup>+</sup>-tailored
groups can accelerate the diffusion of target phosphate through electrostatic
attractions. The performance of the as-prepared HMO-PN was found to
depend on the pH value of an aqueous medium. HMO-PN also exhibits
high sorption selectivity toward the target phosphate. Kinetic equilibrium
of phosphate adsorption can be achieved within 100 min, and the calculated
maximum adsorption capacity is approximately 1.47 mmol/g (45.6 mg/g).
Column experiments further show that the effluent concentration of
phosphate can be reduced to below 0.5 mg/L (500 BV), suggesting highly
efficient phosphate sequestration. Moreover, the exhausted HMO-PN
can be readily regenerated using an alkaline brine solution