Relación entre empatía y altruismo en madres de niños con trastorno del espectro autista y discapacidad intelectual

The objective of the current research study was to investigate the relationship between empathy and self- compassion and altruism in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and intellectual and developmental disabilities. Method: by convenience sampling, 161 participants were selected. The short form self-compassion, empathy and altruism inventories were implemented. Results: The Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis revealed that there was a direct relationship between empath, self-compassion and altruism. Conclusion: Empathy is a complex capability which enables individuals to understand the emotional states of others, and results in compassionate behaviour. Empathy requires cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and moral capacities to understand and respond to others' suffering. Compassion is a proper response to the perception of others’ suffering. In addition, compassion cannot exist without empathy; they are part of the same perception and response continuum which moves human beings from observation to action. It seems that maternal care, together with the hope that a child with intellectual and developmental disabilities lives independently, provides the necessary grounds for empathy, self-compassion and altruism.El objetivo del presente estudio de investigación fue investigar la relación entre empatía, autocompasión y altruismo en madres de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista y discapacidad intelectual. Método: se seleccionaron 161 participantes por muestreo de conveniencia. Se implementaron los inventarios de autocompasión, empatía y altruismo de formato abreviado. Resultados: El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y el análisis de regresión múltiple revelaron que existe una relación directa entre empatía, autocompasión y altruismo. Conclusión: la empatía es una capacidad compleja que permite a las personas comprender los estados emocionales de los demás y da como resultado un comportamiento compasivo. La empatía requiere capacidades cognitivas, emocionales, conductuales y morales para comprender y responder al sufrimiento de los demás. La compasión es una respuesta adecuada a la percepción del sufrimiento de los demás. Además, la compasión no puede existir sin empatía; son parte del mismo continuo de respuesta y percepción el cual permite a los seres humanos pasar de la observación a la acción. Parece que el cuidado materno, junto con la esperanza de que un niño con discapacidad intelectual viva de forma independiente, proporciona las bases necesarias para la empatía, la autocompasión y el altruismo

Effect of Self-Regulation Ability Training on Decreasing Aggressive Behaviors of Students with disruptive behavior

One of the main reasons for maladaptive behaviors of students in schools, lack the ability to management of different emotions. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of self-regulation ability training on decreasing aggressive behavior of maladjusted students. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all boy high school students in Rasht city, wich among them after performing maladjustment questionnaire a sample of 20 students were selected by random cluster sampling method and assigned in two groups control and experimental randomly. Self-regulation instruction was conducted for the experimental group in 9 sessions, while the control group received no training at all. The Bass and Perry (1992) and Student Adaptation Inventory (Sins & Singh, 1993) were used to collect of data. Finally data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results indicated that self-regulation training were significantly effective in aggression reduction. Also, experimental group in all four subscales (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility) achieved lower scores on the pretests than the posttest. Therefore, it can be concluded that self-regulatory education programs help to reduce aggressive behaviors by increasing the ability to adjust and manage excitement

Identification and Prioritization of Necessary Social Skills for Students with Mental Retardation in Work Place

This research aims at identifying the necessary social skills for students with mental retardation in work place.The present study is a descriptive-survey design. In this regard, 142 teachers are selected as sample using convenient sampling method. In the next stage, perspectives of teachers are surveyed using a researcher-developed questionnaire. After preliminary study and determination of the psychometric properties of the questionnaire,it is administered on the target samples. The data analysis identified the 25 necessary social skills for students with mental retardation in work place. As a conclusion, social skills include various levels prioritized by teachers for the success of persons with mental retardation in work place. Therefore, social skills identified in this study can be used in vocational planning for mentally retarded student

Comparison of the Effectiveness Computer-Assisted Working memory rehabilitation and Multi-Sensory Method on Improvement Executive Functions of Students with Dyslexia

Dyslexia is the most common learning disability that involves about 80 percent of learning’s problems to itself. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of computer-assisted working memory rehabilitation and multisensory method on improvement of the executive functions of students with Dyslexia. The research methodology is an experimental study with pretest-posttest design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population consisted of all primary school dyslexic students in Rasht in 2014-2015 academic years that among them a sample of 45 students were selected by random sampling and were assigned in both control and experimental groups. To collecting data intelligence test (Wechsler, 2003), the formal reading and dyslexia test (Kormi Noury and Moradi, 2008), and Wisconsin card sorting test software (Shahgholian et al. 2011) were used. In this study, computer-aided working memory rehabilitation program was trained to the first experimental group, during the first 11 sessions, multisensory education program, during the 9 session to the second experimental group, while the control group did not receive training in these areas. The results of comparing two methods showed that computer-aided working memory rehabilitation techniques more than multisensory method help to improves executive functioning of students with dyslexia in reading (p<0/001). Method of computer-aided cognitive rehabilitation by creating a learning experience that focuses on flexibility and restore brain function is impaired in children with dyslexia helps improve executive functions

Designing a multimodal intervention and evaluating its effectiveness in reducing children\'s anxiety

Background and Aim: Anxiety is one of the most common disorders in childhood and can be a reason for the growth and continuation of anxiety and other mental health problems in other stages of life. Therefore, identifying and treating anxious children is very important. The present study was carried out with the aim of designing a multifaceted intervention and evaluating its effectiveness in reducing children's anxiety. Method: The current research has two qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative part, in order to design a multi-modal intervention, the basis of the content of the multi-modal intervention was identified and designed from the theme analysis method, and its validity was confirmed. In the quantitative phase of the research, the effectiveness of multimodal intervention in reducing children's anxiety was evaluated. The research method of this part was semi-experimental and with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all children aged 8-12 years old with anxiety disorders who referred to counseling centers and psychological services in Rasht and their mothers. 40 children and their mothers were randomly selected as a statistical sample and divided into two experimental groups (10 girls, 10 son and their mothers) and control group (10 girls, 10 boys and their mothers) were placed. The experimental group underwent multimodal intervention treatment for 24 sessions (16 child sessions, 8 mother sessions) of 90 minutes, and the control group remained on the waiting list and did not receive any psychological intervention until the post-test. Then, a post-test was performed for both groups and a follow-up was done after 4 months. To collect data, Spence Children's Anxiety Questionnaire, short version (2018), was used. The analysis of the data in this section was done by repeated measurement variance analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a difference between the mean of the test and control groups in the post-test and follow-up stages of anxiety (P<0.05). In other words, the multimodal intervention program reduced anxiety in anxious children, and this reduction continued in the follow-up period. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the multi-faceted intervention considering the different dimensions of the child is an efficient intervention to reduce the child's anxiety

Comparison of Marital Satisfaction in Families with Mentally Retarded, Deaf and Nondisabled Children

ABSTRACT Family is the most important and suitable system to resolve physical, psychological, and spiritual requirements of human being. The functioning of families of children with developmental disabilities has been of interest to researchers for some time. This study aimed to comparison of marital satisfaction in families with mentally retarded, deaf and nondisabled children. The method of this study is a causal-comparative. The sample of the study was 106 mothers of mentally retarded, deaf and nondisabled students that were selected by cluster sampling method. Enrich marital satisfaction scale (short form) was used as the research instrument. Results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there is significant difference in the levels of marital satisfactions between families with mentally retarded, deaf and nondisabled children. It is necessary to pay special attention to families with disabled children

From Skepticism Toward Celebrities to Celebrity Culture Hate: Mediating Role of Perceived Celebrity Deception and Perceived Dark Triad of Celebrities

Though efforts have been made to understand the concept of celebrity hatred, ambiguity still exists about why some people feel intense contempt, antagonism, and fear directed at celebrity culture. This study (N = 1175) aimed to reveal the indirect impact of skepticism toward celebrities on celebrity culture hate by introducing perceived celebrity deception (the perception that celebrities are deceptive) and dark triad traits of celebrities (the perception that celebrities possess dark triad personality characteristics, including Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) as potential mediators. The study introduces the Perceived Celebrity Deception Inventory and establishes its psychometric properties. Perceived deception of celebrities and perceived deception of others were relatively high compared to that of one’s immediate family, with social media influencers being seen as the most deceptive category of celebrities. Celebrities were perceived as Machiavellian, narcissists, and psychopaths at the same time, but at dissimilar levels. Skepticism toward celebrities was weakly correlated with celebrity culture hate in the correlation analysis. This relationship was mediated by perceived celebrity deception and perceived dark triad of celebrities in the structural analysis. Results suggest that perceived celebrity deception and dark triad characteristics of celebrities tend to breed celebrity culture hate rooted from skepticism toward celebrities and may provoke “behavioral” component of celebrity culture hate (e.g., celebrity bashing)