Iranian Adolescents' Experiences of Domestic Violence: A Qualitative Study

Background and Objectives: Children, especially adolescents, are one of the main victims of domestic violence, who have received less attention despite their vulnerability to this social problem. This study was conducted to determine the adolescents' perspectives and experiences of domestic violence and parental disputes in order to improve our understanding of the various aspects of this social problem for planning the necessary measures to reduce it. Methods: The present qualitative study was performed with a content analysis approach. The data were collected using semi-Structural interviews. The participants were students aged 12 to 16 years. Purposeful sampling with maximum variation in terms of socioeconomic status, age and gender was performed. In total, 33 interviews were conducted by two interviewers. Results: A total of 4 categories, 11 subcategories and 120 themes were extracted as the adolescents' experiences. By summarizing and combining similar themes, the main categories included adolescents' psychological reactions and activities at home and in the school, domestic violence outcomes and cause of violence. The most important cause of violence was socio-economic status of the family, especially father's unemployment. Adolescents who had experienced domestic violence had higher tendencies toward highrisk behavior and academic failure. Conclusion: According to adolescents' views, socio-economic factors play an important role in the occurrence of domestic violence and can lead to unpleasant social experiences and social harms in their future lives. Therefore, it is necessary for parents, teachers, and policy makers to adopt effective measured to reduce this social problem. Keywords: Domestic violence, Adolescents, Content analysis, Qualitative study, Ira

Predicting the incidence of brucellosis in Western Iran using Markov switching model

Objective: Brucellosis is a zoonosis almost chronic disease. Brucellosis bacteria can remain in the environment for a long time. Thus, climate irregularities could pave the way for the survival of the bacterium brucellosis. Brucellosis is more common in men 25 to 29 years of age, in the western provinces, and in the spring months. The aim of this study is to investigate the efect of climatic factors as well as predicting the incidence of brucellosis in Qazvin prov‑ ince using the Markov switching model (MSM). This study is a secondary study of data collected from 2010 to 2019 in Qazvin province. The data include brucellosis cases and climatic parameters. Two state MSM with time lags of 0, 1 and 2 was ftted to the data. The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) was used to evaluate the models. Results: According to the BIC, the two‑state MSM with a 1‑month lag is a suitable model. The month, the average‑ wind‑speed, the minimum‑temperature have a positive efect on the number of brucellosis, the age and rainfall have a negative efect. The results show that the probability of an outbreak for the third month of 2019 is 0.30%

بررسی شیوع ابتلا به بیماری کووید-19و ارتباط آن با رعایت پروتکل های بهداشتی در صنایع شوینده شهرستان البرز

چکیده: هدف:پاندمی کووید19دولت ها و تصمیم گیرندگان حوزه سلامت را با چالش های زیادی مواجه کرده است. با توجه به شیوع گسترده و عدم وجود درمان موثر، یکی از بهترین راه های پیشگیری، رعایت شیونامه های بهداشتی است. ویروس کرونا در محیط های جمعی به سرعت انتشار می یابد از اینرو، کارگران شاغل در صنایع مستعد ابتلا به ویروس کرونا هستند. باتوجه به تراکم جمعیت در کارخانه ها و شرکت ها، بررسی شیوع کووید19و نیز بررسی وضعیت رعایت شیوه نامه های بهداشتی مقابله با کرونا ضروری است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی شیوع ابتلا به بیماری کووید19و ارتباط آن با رعایت شیوه نامه های بهداشتی در صنایع شوینده شهرستان البرز انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه مقطعی در 7 واحد صنعتی فعال در حوزه تولید محصولات شوینده شهرستان البرز با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای تصادفی نسبی انجام شد با در نظر گرفتن سطح اطمینان95%، سطح خطای مجاز 3% و شیوع11% حجم نمونه با نرم افزار stata ، 552 نفر محاسبه شد اطلاعات مربوط به ابتلای کووید19 و اطلاعات دموگرفیک براساس پرسشنامه اطلاعات دموگرافیک جمع آوری شد و میزان رعایت پروتکل های بهداشتی با استفاده از چک لیست مصوب وزارت بهداشت ارزیابی شد برای توصیف داده های کمی از میانگین و انحراف معیار و برای توصیف داده های کیفی از تعداد و درصد استفاده شد. آنالیزهای تحلیلی به روش رگرسیون لجستیک تک متغیره و چند متغیره با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS )نسخۀ21) انجام شد. یافته ها: میانگین سنی شرکت کنندگان 27/7±17/35 سال و3/14% زن بودند میزان رعایت پروتکل های بهداشتی به صورت میانگین 6±36/94 درصد در هریک از صنایع بود و شیوع بیماری کرونا در صنایع تولید مواد شوینده 5/33 % بود. نتایج نشان داد شیوع کرونا باسطح تحصیلات، سابقه ابتلای خانواده، حضور در اماکن شلوغ و گندزدایی سطوح ارتباط دارد.(05/0>p) نتیجه گیری: توسعه زیرساخت های بهداشتی و تقویت اقدامات کنترل مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای در شرایط عادی، نقش اساسی در آمادگی برای مقابله با شرایط اضطراری و پیشگیری و کنترل اپیدمی ها در صنایع دارد. کلیدواژه ها: کووید-19، پروتکل های بهداشتی، بهداشت حرفه ای، صنایع شویند

Anxiety disorder of 3-6 year-old children

Context: Anxiety is the most common disorder in childhood. Several factors may play a role in anxiety, such as child’s emotional and social behavior and mother employment. Aims: the present study aims to evaluate the anxiety disorders of 3–6-year-old children of nurses working in the educational hospitals in the city of Qazvin. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was performed in September 2018. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study. Spence anxiety scale for preschool children was used to collect data. In this self-report instrument, parents are asked to rate the frequency of child behavior on a 5-point Likert scale from Never (0) to Ever (4). The children with a score above 34 were rated as having anxiety disorder. One hundred and fifty-five nurses were willing to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria for children were 3–6 years of age, for nurses were being employed in educational hospitals of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and the exclusion criteria of this study moving from Qazvin to another city. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 ( SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), univariate and multivariate regression coefficients. P < 0.05 were considered as significant levels. Results: The results showed that 32.9% of children of the nurses had anxiety disorder and there was a significant positive relationship between child gender (P = 0.008), child care during hospital shifts (P = 0.013) and anxiety among in these children. Furthermore, the prevalence of anxiety disorder in girls and child care by other family members were associated with the anxiety. Conclusions: Nurses are exposed to work-family conflicts due to their occupational conditions, which play an important role in children’s anxiety and it declares the need to pay more attention to this large segment of society. To generalize the results, it is suggested that this study be conducted on the statistical population of other regions of the country. Keywords: Anxiety disorder, Nurse, Preschool childre

Assessing Mediating Role of Financial Satisfaction in the Relationship of Financial Literacy With Quality of Life in Retired Older Adults

Objectives The world’s population is rapidly aging; hence, paying attention to the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly is of great importance. Financial satisfaction is one of the important components of QoL. The present study aims to determine the association between financial literacy and QoL among retired older adults mediated by their financial satisfaction. Methods & Materials This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 270 retired older adults in Qazvin, Iran. The samples were selected through stratified random sampling method from 8 retirement centers in Qazvin, Iran. The data were collected using demographic checklist, the control, autonomy, self-realization, and pleasure (CASP) scale, financial literacy scale, and financial satisfaction scale. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the mediating role of financial satisfaction in the relationship of financial literacy with the QoL. Results The mean age of older adults was 65.17±4.57 years. The majority of them were male (n=166, 61.85%) and married (n=245, 90.7%). Their Mean score of financial literacy and financial satisfaction were 51.60 and 35.11 out of 100, respectively. Their quality of life was at a moderate level (Mean= 63.89 out of 100). The results of the regression analysis showed the significant association of financial literacy (P=0.006, β=-0.17) and financial satisfaction (β=0.25, P<0.001) with the quality of life. The results also confirmed the mediating role of financial satisfaction (P=0.014). Conclusion Financial literacy of the elderly has a significant and positive association with their quality of life mediated by financial satisfaction. Therefore, policymakers in Iran are recommended to develop preretirement financial education programs for improving the financial literacy of the elderly

Predictive factors of Quality of Life in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Given the vulnerability of older people to COVID-19, it is important to consider their physical and mental wellbeing and quality of life (QoL) in the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify the QoL and its predictive factors among a sample of Iranian older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 older people residing in Qazvin, Iran, from May 22th to November 21rd, 2021. Multistage cluster sampling method was used for selecting the eligible older adults. Data were collected using the demographic checklist, fear of COVID-19 scale, and Elderly Quality of Life Questionnaire (LIPAD). The multivariate regression model was used for determining the predictive factors of QoL in older people. Results: The mean age of older participants was 69.17±6.75 years old. The results of multivariate regression model showed that fear of COVID-19, age, marital status, level of education, living arrangement, and economic situation were the signifcant predictors of QoL in the older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: It is recommended to pay close attention to divorced, lonely, and illiterate older people and those with low economic situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: Aged, Quality of life, COVID-19, Fea

The Effect of Parent-child Interaction Therapy on Separation Anxiety in 3-6-Year-old Children of Nurses

Background: Separation anxiety disorder is considered as the most common anxiety disorder in childhood. Failure to treat this disorder in early age can be converted into a risk factor for childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the effect of parent-child interaction therapy on reducing the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder among the nurses’ children aged between 3 and 6 years old working in educational hospitals in Qazvin. Methods: The intervention was designed as pre- and post-test along with the control group. The sample included 67 children aged 3 - 6 years’ old who were divided into intervention and control groups using the blocking method. The intervention consists of three steps: child directed interaction, bravery directed interaction and parent directed interaction which was performed for 8 sessions per weak. No intervention was performed for the control group. The obtained data were collected using the Spence questionnaire (parents’ version) and the results were evaluated. Results: Intervention therapy significantly reduced the symptoms of separation anxiety in the intervention group at the post-test stage compared to the control group. The mean of separation anxiety decreased from 10.82±0.62 to 7.69±0.52 in the intervention group. Conclusions: Parent-child interaction therapy can be used as an effective treatment plan to reduce the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder among preschool children. Keywords: Children, Nurse, Parent Child Interaction Therapy, Preschool Ages, Separation Anxiety Disorde