Analyzing Contents of Emotional Labor Dimensions among Exemplar Iranian Nurses

Introduction: Since nursing profession is deeply rooted in the concept of emotions, and emotions management in order to express the expected emotion demonstration has got high importance, conducting descriptive researches in different fields of exploring latent aspects of the relevant field are deemed essential. Therefore, the main objective of the current research was to explore contents of emotional labor dimensions among exemplary nurses in public hospitals of Mashhad City, Iran. Method: This was a descriptive research drawing upon the strategy of phenomenology. Semi-structured deep interviews were used to collect the data. In order to analyze collected data, Colaizzi approach was employed. The research population included all national exemplar nurses at public hospitals of Mashhad City. They were interviewed considering purposeful sampling and its adequacy. Results: For surface acting dimension, 5 sub-categories in 2 main themes of the emotional mask, and emotional deal, and for deep acting dimension, 15 sub-categories in 5 main themes of emotional withdrawal, emotional empathy, emotional arousal, emotional sharing, and emotional reflection were achieved. Conclusion: Findings of the current research provide valuable insight regarding emotional labor performed by national exemplar nurses in the population. Thus, a correct understanding of this concept as a valid source in constructing professional knowledge of nurses can be placed as the main part of nursing competency; through which the quality of patients’ care can be promoted and life quality can be improved as a result. Keywords: Emotions, Emotional labor, Surface acting, Deep actin

Foreign Market Oriented Commerce, International Commerce Liaisons, and Export Performance (Case Study: Mashhad exported firms or companies)

Expanding commerce, globalization of products and services, and companies being internationalized unceasingly has added the importance of international business relationships. Considering the complex marketing under the continuous variations, accessing wing-footed trade information is a key success in international marketplace; and market orientation as an integrated view by determining the organization capabilities in anticipation, right reaction, and transformation of the environment changes to stock is a betterment factor for the associations. The purpose of this paper, done with the specimen of 44 active exporters of Mashhad, is to investigate the potential influence of exporters’ market orientation upon international business relationships with particular emphasis on dependence, cooperation, and communication distance and influence of these dimensions upon export performance. The upshot illustrated that market orientation of exporters extols the cooperation of exporters and the opposite party; whilst dependence and communication distance are lowered. Moreover, export performance meliorates with more cooperation and less communication distance, whilst no meaningful relation was found between dependence and export performance