An investigation on tourism consumers' choice behavior towards tour destination loyalty

This study investigates the factors that influence tourism consumers’ choice behavior towards tour destination loyalty. Loyalty behavior has generally been accredited as a most desirable area for academics and practitioners because, among other things, it is thought that the marketing promotion costs needed to attract loyal visitors are lower than those required for non-loyal visitors. A loyalty is a positive indicator of tourism consumers’ satisfaction towards the destination and its services which are mainly used for successful business operations. The positive outlook of high repeaters increases their possibility to come back to same destination in future.With theses grounds, this research investigates the theoretical and empirical evidence on the causal relationships among different factors (intrinsic cues, destination brand image, warranty facilities, price, quality, risk, sacrifice, satisfaction, and loyalty) in the formation of destination loyalty. Recently few studies have focused on the moderating effect of gender, age, and level of education in the destination loyalty process. Therefore, the current research has further investigated the effect of moderating variables on relationships of different factors in the destination loyalty process, which has not previously been given much attention. In addition, this research also presents an extensive explanation on reflective and formative constructs to discuss the higher order multidimensional constructs that influence the loyalty process.This research methodologically adopts a mixed method approach. In the first phase, the literature review identified the Information Processing Theory (IPT), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), as relevant to the study of actual behavioral (loyalty) along with an extensive literature review. Then an initial research model was developed to test the loyalty empirically. The second phase consists of a qualitative data collection from 25 experienced visitors using semi-structured questionnaires. The field data is analyzed using a two stage (inductive and deductive) content analysis technique. The initial research model is then refined based on the findings of this phase. Altogether, twelve constructs are identified. In the ensuing quantitative phase, a survey instrument is developed to test a range of hypotheses based on the research model. First, a pilot study is conducted on the responses from 145 visitors. The instrument is then refined and administered in a national survey which resulted in 602 useable responses. A non response bias test has also been conducted to look for whether there are different opinions between respondents and non-respondents in the survey. Partial Least Squares (PLS) based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach is applied to test the 22 relationships in the research model. In addition, a multi-group analysis, and analysis of higher order constructs of PLS are also employed.The result of this research presents in total 15 relationships which are statistically significant. The overall explanatory power of the model is very much satisfactory as explained 64% of the variance on loyalty towards Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. It is found that perceived satisfaction is the main antecedent of destination loyalty. It is also found that Perceived quality and perceived sacrifice are important influential factors in determining the perceived satisfaction. Overall the findings confirm that the perceived destination loyalty (PDL) is a function of multidimensional factors including formative and reflective measures. Furthermore, the findings have confirmed that consumers’ choice decision making at the destination level is a sequential process. In addition, although the moderating effects of gender, age, and level of education in the destination loyalty process are not found to be significant, some relationships in the model are very much significant.The theoretical contribution of this research lies in the development of a parsimonious destination loyalty model that has successfully been incorporated using different constructs from the existing literature and based on three prominent behavioral theories; IPT, TRA, and TPB. First of all, this research provides a significant contribution to the existing knowledge presenting the role of intrinsic and extrinsic cues on quality, risk, sacrifice, and satisfaction in the destination loyalty behavior. Secondly, the investigation of the research contributes to current knowledge by filling the gap of moderating effects of tourism consumer demographics in the PDL process especially for third world countries like Bangladesh. Finally, using formative and reflective measures this study has added a new dimension to effective travel and tourism operational strategies. In practice perhaps, a major contribution of this research is the implication for the destination operators to endeavor to enhance a sustained loyalty at the destination level

Perceived quality, satisfaction and loyalty at the destination level of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

This study was conducted for exploring the relationship among perceived quality, satisfaction, and loyalty at the destination level of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. A conceptual model was developed and tested by a field study. Then Partial Least Square (PLS) based Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach was used to test eight hypotheses on a sample of 602 visitors. Six hypotheses were supported at different significant levels. It is expected that the results of this study will help the destination operators in tourism planning and implementing effective marketing strategies. Theoretically, this study contributes in enhancing the causal relationships among cues of quality which have not been studied yet in the literature. Limitations and future research direction are also discussed

Factors effecting destination loyalty: a case of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

This empirical study was conducted to find out the determinants factors of loyalty for the destination Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. We investigated the theoretical and empirical evidences for developing a comprehensive loyalty model in a tourism sector. Two formative and five reflective determinates were adopted from the literature and contextualised employing a qualitative research design. The interrelationships among adopted determinants were depicted based on literatures and field study. Forty three (43) measures were used in this study to collect data from 602 visitors. The model was tested employing Partial Least Square (PLS) based Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach. The result presented a strong support that “Perceived Satisfaction” is the main factor effecting “Destination Loyalty”. The study also found that perceived quality and perceived sacrifice had direct positive effect on perceived satisfaction. The outcomes of this study contribute to determining the behavioural loyalty mechanism. The theoretical and managerial implications were presented based on the study findings

Encrypted Color Image Transmission in LDPC Encoded MIMO Wireless Communication System with implementation of MP-WFRFT based

This paper emphasizes on comprehensive study for the performance evaluation of LDPC encoded MIMO wireless communication system under implementation of MP-WFRFT based physical layer security scheme. The 4 5F4; multi antenna configured simulated system under investigation incorporates LDPC channel coding scheme and various types of modulation (QPSK, DQPSK, and 4-QAM) and signal detection (ZF, MMSE, ZF-SIC and MMSE-SIC) techniques. On considering transmission of encrypted color image in a hostile fading channel, it is noticeable from MATLAB based simulation study that the LDPC channel encoded system is very much robust and effective in retrieving color image under utilization of MMSE-SIC signal detection and 4-QAM digital modulation techniques

Assessment of eye health care services of Bangladesh using eye care service assessment tools

Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for elimination of avoidable blindness by 2020, formulated a national eye care plan. This report illustrates the present status of Bangladesh eye health care service using eye care service assessment tool (ECSAT) that assesses an eye health system across six ‘building blocks’ of a health system.Methods: The study followed a mixed method to collect data. World health organization (WHO) standard ECSAT was used to gather information on eye care service. A purposive sampling method was used. Data from the assessment were extracted and all the information was cross-checked with leading stakeholders of ministry of health.Results: Eye care planning is led by the national eye care. There is a national eye health action plan and a national eye health coordination office under the ministry of health. The health delivery system includes primarily government and non-profit facilities with eight hospitals delivering specialist eye care services across the country. A significant proportion of eye care is provided through community outreach camps and a network of primary and community health workers. The national cataract surgical rate (CSR) is estimated at 2600 per million populations per year.Conclusions: This assessment suggests that although Bangladesh has made some progress towards elimination of avoidable blindness, it would be difficult to retain without further significant investment with a transparent accountability framework in eye health considering all limitation and contemporary challenges