Constitutional Amendments and their Impacts on the Democratic Development in Mubarak Era

The Constitutions document contains a set of rules that determines the political system of the state and the relationship of the state to the individual from the political point considering the rights and the public freedoms and thus its topics includes the state and its political system (which basically cares about the legislative authority then the executive and judicial authorities) and the rights of the individuals and there freedoms. The study will handle the constitutional amendments and their impact on democratic development since the approval of the late President, Mohammed Anwar Al-Sadat in 22 May, 1980 on the first constitutional amendment which included five articles (1,24,5,77) then the second constitutional amendment by the President Mubarak, the important article (No.76) that concerns the manner of choosing the President, and the addition of article 192 repeated, where the amendment was a result of a referendum on the constitution that was held in May, 2005.Then came the third amendment in March 2007 that modifies (34) articles, which changed the form of the State in terms of its economic ideology. Although these constitutional amendments, but the implications of these amendments on pushing the democratic development in Mubarak era into the political system was limited, whereas the constitutional amendments appear to be compatible with the democratic development process, but in fact it is not as it looks like. Here comes the importance of the research in this difference that makes a conflict in the visions and the perceptions to the democratic development of the Egyptian political system in Mubarak Era

SOCIAL CHANGE AND FRAGMENTED COHESION (Case Study of Muslim Family Relations in Bogor City, West Java)

Entering the era of industrialization, humans live runs more pragmatically and individually. A significant impact can be seen from the estrangement that occurs in family relations. Family ties are felt to be increasingly loose because each person is required to have specific duties and professions to meet their needs. As a result, transformation and social change make it increasingly difficult to create intimacy like the past. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of social transformation on proposed divorce (cerai gugat) by wife, which is more common than divorce and social changes in family relations. The results of this study indicate that the causes of social transformation in divorce are:  increased lawsuit divorce due to nushuz: wife disobedience to husband or lack of wife in carrying out their rights and obligations. Thus, increased divorce due to syiqaq: husband and wife’s quarreling. The research is done by combining empirical approach and normative one. The empirical data gathered from several sources and referred to strengthen normative postulate. Where as the normative postulate is drafted to be starting point of the research

Creativity as a Part of the Post-Pandemic Architectural Education: A Brief Discussion

The current study discusses the importance of the creativity in architectural education, with a focus on the challenges and their implications on students, educators, and institutions. This study revisits a vision of an educational model for post-pandemic architecture education and discuss the necessary approaches for educators and educational institutions to foster creativity. This study directly reacts to the demand on the pandemic's effect on conventional education by using an instructional approach. This paper contributes to reconceptualizing of a novel approach that is targeted to tackle architectural education challenges in a post pandemic age through foster creativity models. The proposed creativity models are creative and critical thinking, neutral and positive stress, and objective-based creativity. These models are further developed using a thematic analysis process to be integrated in the educational model

Immunohistochemical Expression of Estrogen Receptor Beta in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

Background: The tenth most prevalent cancer type in the world is bladder cancer. Males are four times more likely than females to have it. The most prevalent subtype is urothelial carcinoma. Development and progression of bladder cancer are influenced by estrogen receptors. Objectives: To examine the expression of estrogen receptor beta in bladder urothelial carcinoma and how it relates to other pathological factors of prognostic significance. Materials and method: Fifty formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of cases of urothelial carcinoma from transurethral resection and radical cystectomy specimens were examined histopathologically by routine H&E stain and immunohistochemically stained with Anti-ER-beta antibody. The immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor beta was assessed. Results: Of the 50 cases of urothelial carcinoma, mean age 60 ±8.7 range (41-85) years, 34 male and 16 female, estrogen receptor beta was expressed in 29 (58%) of the cases. The expression of ERβ was significantly elevated in high grade (p value 0.006). The ERβ expression was also significantly increased in advanced tumor stages (p value 0.03) and in muscle invasive tumor (p value 0.004). The presence of lymphovascular emboli was associated with higher ERβexpression. Conclusion: ERβ expression is significantly associated with high grade and with advanced stages of urothelial carcinoma

Histopathological changes of kidney tissue during aging

Kidney aging is a normal physiological process associates with various molecular, morphologic and functional changes in the kidney tissues. This work was designed to study microscopically the structural changes in the kidney tissue of aged rats compared to young rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were used 10 young rats (4 months) and 10 aged rats (24 months). Rats were transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. The kidneys were post fixed for 24 hours in 4 % PFA then proceeded for normal histopathology and light microscopic examination. Kidney tissue of aged rats showed serious morphological changes such as segmental glomerulosclerosis, pericapsular fibrosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, perivascular fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular dilatation, intra-tubular cast formation and tubular atrophy. These changes were compared to the normal histological appearance of glomeruli, tubules, interstitium and blood vessels of young rat kidneys. In addition, the kidney tissue of the aged rats showed compensatory glomerular hypertrophy, tubular hyperplasia and endothelial proliferation. Renal aging involves several degenerative changes in kidney structure and these alterations interfere with the physiologic functions and end with chronic renal failure

Formulation and Evaluation of Taste-Masked Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Nicergoline based on β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexation

Complexation of nicergoline with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) into an inclusion complex has been used successfully to improve the drug’s solubility, dissolution rate and hence per oral absorption. In addition, masking of the bitter taste was also achieved. The preparation of inclusion complexes was performed using two different techniques, namely; physical mixing and kneading. The apparent stability constant (Kc) of the complex was calculated from the phase solubility analysis. Compatibility of nicergoline and β-CD complex with disintegrants and superdisintegrants were evaluated using powder x-ray diffractometry (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology of complex particles was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Pharmaceutical characterization confirmed that all additives were compatible with the drug and no signs of physical or chemical interaction were detected. Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of nicergoline complexed with β-CD and containing 7-9 % camphor had rapid disintegration time (7-12 seconds) and fast drug release profiles (90-100 % in 10 minutes). Therefore, nicergoline ODTs are considered a valuable choice dosage form with improved per oral absorption and taste acceptability

Formulation and Evaluation of Taste-Masked Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Nicergoline based on β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexation

Complexation of nicergoline with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) into an inclusion complex has been used successfully to improve the drug’s solubility, dissolution rate and hence per oral absorption. In addition, masking of the bitter taste was also achieved. The preparation of inclusion complexes was performed using two different techniques, namely; physical mixing and kneading. The apparent stability constant (Kc) of the complex was calculated from the phase solubility analysis. Compatibility of nicergoline and β-CD complex with disintegrants and superdisintegrants were evaluated using powder x-ray diffractometry (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology of complex particles was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Pharmaceutical characterization confirmed that all additives were compatible with the drug and no signs of physical or chemical interaction were detected. Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of nicergoline complexed with β-CD and containing 7-9 % camphor had rapid disintegration time (7-12 seconds) and fast drug release profiles (90-100 % in 10 minutes). Therefore, nicergoline ODTs are considered a valuable choice dosage form with improved per oral absorption and taste acceptability

Therapeutic effect of autophagy induced by rapamycin versus intermittent fasting in animal model of fatty liver

Introduction. High-fructose, high-fat diet consumption (HFHF) is one of the primary causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is due to impaired beta-oxidation or apolipoprotein secretion by hepatocytes. Activation of autophagy in hepatocytes could be a therapeutic method against hepatic complications. This study was designed to compare effects of rapamycin and intermittent fasting-inducing autophagy in rats with experimentally induced nonalcoholic fatty liver. Material and methods. Male rats were divided into five groups: C (control, n = 6), the experimental group (EX) subdivided, EXIa (HFHF, n = 6), EXIb (recovery, n = 6), EXII (rapamycin, n = 6) and EXIII (intermittent fasting, n = 6). All rats in the experimental group received HFHF diet for 8 weeks to induce nonalcoholic-fatty liver and obesity. Then, for the next 8 weeks the animals received either a daily oral dose of rapamycin (EXII group) or to intermittent fasting (IF) for 16 hours daily (EXIII group). Blood samples were drawn, and serum TG concentration as well as ALT and AST activities were determined. Hepatic sections were examined by light and electron microscopy. LC3B immunohistochemical staining, morphometric and statistical studies were performed. Results. Subgroups EXIa (HFHF subgroup) and EXIb (Recovery subgroup) showed marked increase in TG, ALT, and AST levels associated with loss of normal hepatic architecture, cytoplasmic vacuolations and faint LC3B immunoreactivity. Ultrathin sections exhibited many autophagosomes in hepatocytes. On the other hand, rapamycin (EXII) and IF (EXIII) showed significant improvement to a variable extent in comparison to EXI. Conclusions. It could be concluded that rapamycin and intermittent fasting significantly improved NAFLD-induced changes of liver structure and function by inducing autophagy in hepatocytes

Metal-Bound Methisazone; Novel Drugs Targeting Prophylaxis and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2, a Molecular Docking Study.

SARS-CoV-2 currently lacks effective first-line drug treatment. We present promising data from in silico docking studies of new Methisazone compounds (modified with calcium, Ca; iron, Fe; magnesium, Mg; manganese, Mn; or zinc, Zn) designed to bind more strongly to key proteins involved in replication of SARS-CoV-2. In this in silico molecular docking study, we investigated the inhibiting role of Methisazone and the modified drugs against SARS-CoV-2 proteins: ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), spike protein, papain-like protease (PlPr), and main protease (MPro). We found that the highest binding interactions were found with the spike protein (6VYB), with the highest overall binding being observed with Mn-bound Methisazone at -8.3 kcal/mol, followed by Zn and Ca at -8.0 kcal/mol, and Fe and Mg at -7.9 kcal/mol. We also found that the metal-modified Methisazone had higher affinity for PlPr and MPro. In addition, we identified multiple binding pockets that could be singly or multiply occupied on all proteins tested. The best binding energy was with Mn-Methisazone versus spike protein, and the largest cumulative increases in binding energies were found with PlPr. We suggest that further studies are warranted to identify whether these compounds may be effective for treatment and/or prophylaxis