Græsmarksurter og deres indholdsstoffer

Landbruget er i høj grad karakteriseret ved dyrkning af afgrøder i monokulturer. Dette afspejles i et vist omfang i afgræsningssystemer til husdyr, der er baseret på græs, dog ofte blandet med kløver. Efterhånden er der dog udviklet diverse frøblandinger med at miks af de mere gængse plantearter som f.eks. rajgræs og hvidkløver med mere eller mindre utraditionelle urter. Dette i erkendelse af at dyrene fra naturens side ville have adgang til et væld af forskellige urter til dækning af deres næringsbehov og til opretholdelse af dyrets modstandskraft mod sygdomme og parasitter. Således adskiller de forskellige urter sig i forhold til deres kemiske sammensætning af proteiner, mineraler og et utal af andre indholdsstoffer. Derudover er det også oppe i tiden med mere fokus på kvaliteten af det animalske produkt, og det er velkendt at produktkvalitetsegenskaber såsom smag, udseende, holdbarhed og indhold af næringsstoffer kan påvirkes af det foder dyret har adgang til. Herunder også de græsmarksplanter der tilbydes til det græssende dyr. Urternes betydning for en lang række egenskaber er dog kun delvist undersøgt, og mens nogle urter er undersøgt i rimeligt omfang er kendskabet til de fleste urter som foder til husdyr relativt begrænset og i flere tilfælde anvendes disse primært på baggrund af overleveringer indenfor landbruget. Nærværende litteraturstudie har til formål at indsamle noget af den viden der findes i litteraturen omkring urter, der er dyrkbare under danske forhold og deres indholdsstoffer samt indvirkningen på dyrenes produktivitet, sundhed og på det animalske produkt. Rapporten vil ikke være udtømmende i gennemgangen af de forskellige indholdsstoffer samt de urter der er valgt at fokusere på, ligesom der kan findes en lang række urter der ikke er medtaget, men som kan være relevante. Dermed vil der være en del anden litteratur, der ikke er udnyttet i denne rapport, men rapporten skal primært ses som et grundlag for det videre arbejde og studier indenfor området

A Multicriteria Decision Analysis Comparing Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Neuropathic Pain, Including Cannabinoids and Cannabis-Based Medical Products

BACKGROUND: Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) still represents a major clinical challenge. Collective harnessing of both the scientific evidence base and clinical experience (of clinicians and patients) can play a key role in informing treatment pathways and contribute to the debate on specific treatments (e.g., cannabinoids). A group of expert clinicians (pain specialists and psychiatrists), scientists, and patient representatives convened to assess the relative benefit–safety balance of 12 pharmacological treatments, including orally administered cannabinoids/cannabis-based medicinal products, for the treatment of CNP in adults. METHODS: A decision conference provided the process of creating a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) model, in which the group collectively scored the drugs on 17 effect criteria relevant to benefits and safety and then weighted the criteria for their clinical relevance. FINDINGS: Cannabis-based medicinal products consisting of tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol (THC/CBD), in a 1:1 ratio, achieved the highest overall score, 79 (out of 100), followed by CBD dominant at 75, then THC dominant at 72. Duloxetine and the gabapentinoids scored in the 60s, amitriptyline, tramadol, and ibuprofen in the 50s, methadone and oxycodone in the 40s, and morphine and fentanyl in the 30s. Sensitivity analyses showed that even if the pain reduction and quality-of-life scores for THC/CBD and THC are halved, their benefit–safety balances remain better than those of the noncannabinoid drugs. INTERPRETATION: The benefit–safety profiles for cannabinoids were higher than for other commonly used medications for CNP largely because they contribute more to quality of life and have a more favorable side effect profile. The results also reflect the shortcomings of alternative pharmacological treatments with respect to safety and mitigation of neuropathic pain symptoms. Further high-quality clinical trials and systematic comprehensive capture of clinical experience with cannabinoids is warranted. These results demonstrate once again the complexity and multimodal mechanisms underlying the clinical experience and impact of chronic pain

Capsid-like particles decorated with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicit strong virus neutralization activity

The rapid development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a global priority. Here, we develop two capsid-like particle (CLP)-based vaccines displaying the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. RBD antigens are displayed on AP205 CLPs through a split-protein Tag/Catcher, ensuring unidirectional and high-density display of RBD. Both soluble recombinant RBD and RBD displayed on CLPs bind the ACE2 receptor with nanomolar affinity. Mice are vaccinated with soluble RBD or CLP-displayed RBD, formulated in Squalene-Water-Emulsion. The RBD-CLP vaccines induce higher levels of serum anti-spike antibodies than the soluble RBD vaccines. Remarkably, one injection with our lead RBD-CLP vaccine in mice elicits virus neutralization antibody titers comparable to those found in patients that had recovered from COVID-19. Following booster vaccinations, the virus neutralization titers exceed those measured after natural infection, at serum dilutions above 1:10,000. Thus, the RBD-CLP vaccine is a highly promising candidate for preventing COVID-19.Molecular basis of virus replication, viral pathogenesis and antiviral strategie