Studies reporting prevalence of imaging patterns on CXR imaging following treatment for thoracic tuberculosis.

<p>Studies reporting prevalence of imaging patterns on CXR imaging following treatment for thoracic tuberculosis.</p

Studies reporting severity scores of residual changes on CXR imaging performed following treatment for pulmonary TB.

<p>Studies reporting severity scores of residual changes on CXR imaging performed following treatment for pulmonary TB.</p

Template for literature search: Pulmonary, pleural or military tuberculosis AND [CXR imaging OR CT imaging].

<p>Template for literature search: Pulmonary, pleural or military tuberculosis AND [CXR imaging OR CT imaging].</p

PRISMA flow chart.

<p>PRISMA flow chart.</p

Studies reporting prevalence of imaging patterns on CT imaging on completion of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis.

<p>Studies reporting prevalence of imaging patterns on CT imaging on completion of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis.</p

Studies of residual pleural thickening (RPT) on completion of treatment for TB pleural effusion.

<p>Studies of residual pleural thickening (RPT) on completion of treatment for TB pleural effusion.</p

PRISMA Flow Chart A flow chart depicting the inclusion and exclusion of identified studies

<p>PRISMA Flow Chart A flow chart depicting the inclusion and exclusion of identified studies</p

Forest Plot A forest plot showing the Odds Ratio (and lower and upper 95% Confidence Intervals) for different exposures and outcome in the included studies.

<p>Adjusted results are shown where available. Key: ICS: improved cookstove; kero: kerosene; *indicates that the study is assessing for the protective effect of an intervention.</p

Summary of findings table for four studies investigating the effects of household air pollution on adult acute lower respiratory tract infections.

<p>Summary of findings table for four studies investigating the effects of household air pollution on adult acute lower respiratory tract infections.</p

Confirming non-endemicity of podoconiosis in Guatemala and in Idukki District in Kerala (India): a comparison of two approaches potentially suitable for other Neglected Tropical Diseases

Background: Podoconiosis is an underreported lymphoedema whose distribution is uncertain at global level and within endemic countries. Previous work has identified countries with historical evidence of podoconiosis, but which do not currently report cases. Podoconiosis may persist in these countries or have been eliminated due to socioeconomic development. Here we describe two different approaches used to clarify podoconiosis endemicity status in Guatemala and in Idukki District (Kerala State, India). Methods: Two different epidemiological approaches were used by different research teams, determined by the available resources and contextual factors in the two settings. In Guatemala, where lymphoedema cases are routinely recorded in the health information system, 102 municipalities with suspected cases, historical evidence of podoconiosis, or environmental suitability for the disease were visited. Active case searches were conducted from July 2016- October 2018, and suspected cases were clinically examined to confirm or rule out podoconiosis. In Idukki, where lymphoedema cases were not routinely recorded, a population-based prevalence survey for lymphoedema was conducted from September- December 2022, covering 13,664 individuals aged 15 years and older. Results: Both approaches were effective at clarifying podoconiosis endemicity. In Guatemala, 20 cases with lower limb swelling were investigated. Podoconiosis was ruled out in all cases, and filarial lymphoedema was suspected in three. In Idukki District, 105 cases of lower limb swelling were identified. None were confirmed to have podoconiosis, with post-surgical lymphoedema and hypertension being the most common diagnoses. Active filarial infection was identified in two cases in Idukki District. Conclusions: These investigations provide evidence that podoconiosis is currently non-endemic in Guatemala and in Idukki District in India. They also demonstrate that population-based surveys and targeted case searches both provide effective ways to explore disease endemicity in areas where this is uncertain. The most appropriate approach depends on a combination of contextual and research-based factors, including evidence for endemicity, resources available, and geographical, population, and health system factors.</p