Structural Characterization and Macrophage Polarization-Modulating Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide from Large Yellow Tea

A novel homogeneous polysaccharide (LYP-S3) that promotes the M2 polarization of macrophages was obtained from large yellow tea by a bioactivity-guided sequential isolation procedure and activity evaluation in the present study. Structural characterization revealed that LYP-S3 has an average molecular weight of 28.6 kDa and is composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid at the molar ratio of 8.08:11.66:11.77:3.96:58.02. The main backbone of LYP-S3 consists of →4)-α-d-GalpA-6-OMe-(1→, β-d-GalpA-(1→, →4)-β-d-Galp-(→1, and →β-d-Galp-(1→, and the branches are composed of α-l-Araf-(→1, →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →2,4)-β-l-Rhap-(1→, →2)-β-l-Rhap-(1→, and →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→. An in vitro bioactivity evaluation assay showed that LYP-S3 remarkably reduced the expression of M1 macrophage markers and increased the expression of M2 macrophage markers. In addition, LYP-S3 inhibited adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and blocked macrophage migration toward 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the cocultures of bone-marrow-derived monocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, LYP-S3 promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages in cocultures. These findings suggested that LYP-S3 has a potential function in preventing inflammation and obesity

The expression behaviors of the related genes in KEGG pathways.

<p>The expression behaviors of the related genes in KEGG pathways.</p

Cluster analysis of the expressed genes.

<p>Every column stands for a sample and each line represents a single gene. Different colors indicate different expression levels. Red indicates up-regulation and green indicates down-regulation, while the black indicates unchanged.</p

Length distribution of the predicted longest ORF.

<p>Length distribution of the predicted longest ORF.</p

Differential expression pattern of all the transcripts in the control (CK) and two salt treatments (S1, S2) libraries.

<p>Differential expression pattern of all the transcripts in the control (CK) and two salt treatments (S1, S2) libraries.</p

KEGG pathway visualization of starch and sucrose metabolism changes under salt stress.

<p>The enzymes circled by red frame are up-regulated in salt stress; the enzymes circled by green frame are down-regulated in salt stress in addition the more obvious variation with deeper color.</p

Transcripts Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation.

<p>51638 transcripts were assigned to GO terms and they were grouped into three main categories with 8 groups in cellular location, 11 groups in molecular function and 15 groups in biological process. The right-hand Y axis stands for the numbers of the genes in groups and the left-hand Y axis represents the percentage of the genes in categories.</p

Length distribution of the assembled unigenes in the transcriptome.

<p>Length distribution of the assembled unigenes in the transcriptome.</p

The whole sequencing statistics for <i>Kosteletzkya virginica</i> transcriptome.

<p>The whole sequencing statistics for <i>Kosteletzkya virginica</i> transcriptome.</p

Regulatory networks found by our model.

<p>The first column is differentially expressed isoform groups in our cases, the second and third columns are the Transcription factors and splicing factors predicted by our regression model. Some cells are blank, which means no corresponding factors for that co-expressed group.</p