Design consideration of a dual-beam ESPI optical system for contouring

A discussion of the essential technical advantages, limitations, various kinds of errors and required characteristics of dual-beam illumination ESPI optical system by tilting illuminations for contouring is attached. Attractive features are the simplification of the optical system, the stationary reference contour planes and the possibility of adjusting various parameters for contouring.Eine Diskussion der wichtigen technischen Vorteile, Begrenzungen, verschiedene Fehlerquellen und notwendige Charakteristiken des optischen Zweistrahl-ESPl-Systems bei schräger Beleuchtung wird vorgestellt. Attraktive Eigenschaften sind die Vereinfachung der optischen Systeme, die stationären Kontur-Referenzebenen, und die Möglichkeit der Justierung verschiedener Parameter an die Konturierung

A novel approach to determine decorrelation effect in a dual-beam electronic speckle pattern interferometer

An intrinsic decorrelation effect in a dual-beam ESPI system for contouring application is quantified by simple image processing techniques incorporating experimental data of speckle patterns. Practical limits for the range of application on contouring an object are also considered from the point of view of automatic fringe analysis. An acceptable degree of decorrelation due to the tilt of illuminating beams has been established.Mit Hilfe einer einfachen Bildverarbeitungstechnik und experimentellen Daten von Specklemustern wird der intrinsische Dekorrelationseffekt in einem Zweistrahl-ESPI-System für die Erzeugung von Höhenlinien quantifiziert. Praktische Grenzen bei der Anwendung zur Höhenlinienerzeugung werden aus der Sicht der automatischen Streifenanalyse diskutiert. Ein akzeptabler Dekorrelationsgrad bei der Verkippung der Beleuchtungsstrahlen wurde definiert

Contouring by electronic speckle pattern interferometry with quadruple-beam illumination

We present a new arrangement for contouring by electronic speckle pattern interferometry with four illumination beams, thereby making it unnecessary to move anything during the measurement

Geometry for contouring by electronic speckle pattern interferometry based on shifting illumination beams

When the method of contouring an object surface by electronic speckle pattern interferometry is based on shifting the illumination beams, the shifted phase of the interference speckle pattern has a new relationship with the depth of the test surface. Therefore the contour interval as well as the fringe sensitivity of this method has new forms. The geometry of such a situation, which differs from that of either the method of two-wavelength contouring or the method of contouring by tilting the test object is presented. The requirements on the experimental conditions for this method are also presented. Experimental results are in agreement with these analyses

Shorter TCR β-Chains Are Highly Enriched During Thymic Selection and Antigen-Driven Selection

The adaptive immune system uses several strategies to generate a repertoire of T cell receptors (TCR) with sufficient diversity to recognize the universe of potential pathogens. However, it remains unclear how differences in the T cell receptor (TCR) contribute to heterogeneity in T cell state. In this study, we used polychromatic flow cytometry to isolate highly pure CD4+/CD8+ naive and memory T cells, and applied deep sequencing to characterize corresponding TCR β-chain (TCRβ) complementary-determining region 3 (CDR3) repertoires. We find that shorter TCRβ CDR3s with fewer insertions were highly enriched during thymic selection. Antigen-experienced T cells (memory T cells) harbor shorter CDR3s vs. naive T cells. Moreover, the public TCRβ CDR3 clonotypes within cell subsets or interindividual tend to have shorter CDR3 length and a significantly larger size compared with “private” clonotypes. Taken together, shorter CDR3s highly enriched during thymic selection and antigen-driven selection, and further enriched in public T-cell responses. These results indicated that it may be evolutionary pressures drive short CDR3s to recognize most of antigen in nature

Osteopontin as a Mediator of NKT Cell Function in T Cell-Mediated Liver Diseases

AbstractBoth osteopontin (OPN) and natural killer T (NKT) cells play a role in the development of immunological disorders. We examined a functional link between OPN and NKT cells. Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis is a well-characterized murine model of T cell-mediated liver diseases. Here, we show that NKT cells secrete OPN, which augments NKT cell activation and triggers neutrophil infiltration and activation. Thus, OPN- and NKT cell-deficient mice were refractory to Con A-induced hepatitis. In addition, a neutralizing antibody specific for a cryptic epitope of OPN, exposed by thrombin cleavage, ameliorated hepatitis. These findings identify NKT cell-derived OPN as a novel target for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases

Endogenous Interleukin-6 Plays a Crucial Protective Role in Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome via Suppression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production

During a Streptococcus pyogenes infection in interleukin-6 (IL-6)-deficient mice, there is elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels, muscular necrosis, and death compared with infection of C57BL/6 mice. Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody treatment decreased mortality and muscular necrosis in the infected IL-6-deficient mice. These results suggest that IL-6 plays a crucial protective role via suppression of TNF-α production in S. pyogenes infection