Universal Approach for Predicting Crystallography of Heterogeneous Epitaxial Nanocrystals with Multiple Orientation Relationships

Heteroepitaxial nanocrystals are one of the most fundamentally and technologically important classes of materials systems. The correlation between form, dictated by crystallographic features such as growth habit and direction, and function, in terms of the ultimate physio-chemical properties is well established, thus placing an onus on precise synthesis control of nanocrystal morphology. Yet, nanocrystal heteroepitaxy can be a frustrating, time-consuming iterative process, particularly during the initial stages of development. What is desired is a powerful predictive tool that is able to successfully predict not only the interface or habit plane, but also rationalize the occurrence of epitaxial growth complexities such as multiple orientation relationships (MORs) and high-index faceting planes for a diverse range of materials. Here we provide such a powerful approach that is based on an invariant deformation element (IDE) model, and fundamentally founded on the crystallography of diffusional phase transformations. We demonstrate its impact by detailed computations supported by transmission electron microscopy evidence, for an archetypical complex metal oxide nanocrystal system (that has up to five MORs for three differing growth orientations). The method is then applied to successfully explain growth for different materials ranging from metals to metal carbides to transition metal oxides, even in thin film form. Thus, this relatively simple yet powerful predictive guide significantly reduces the systemic inefficiencies of guesswork and blind growth. Ultimately it can be easily integrated with machine learning techniques toward reliable and efficient advanced nanomaterials fabrication

Number of reads for the conserved miRNA families.

<p>Number of reads for the conserved miRNA families.</p

The novel miRNAs identified in <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.

<p>The novel miRNAs identified in <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.</p

The predicted conserved miRNAs targets of <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.

<p>The predicted conserved miRNAs targets of <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.</p

The conserved miRNAs of <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.

<p>The conserved miRNAs of <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.</p

qRT-PCR validation of the differentially expressed miRNAs.

<p>Fold changes of the differentially expressed miRNAs are shown. miRNAs were analyzed using the poly(T) adaptor RT-PCR method. The levels in ZZN were arbitrarily set to 1. Error bars represent the standard deviations of three technical PCR replicates.</p

Experimental validation of the miRNA targets.

<p>Cleavage sites were determined by the modified 5’RNA ligase-mediated RACE. Heavy black lines represent unigenes. miRNA complementary sites with the nucleotide positions of SPL and MYB cDNAs are indicated. Vertical arrows indicate the 5’ termini of miRNA-guided cleavage products, as identified by 5’-RACE, with the frequency of clones shown.</p

The <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> wild type (ZZN) and the infected plant (ZZD) with witches broom disease in the field.

<p>A. ZZN; B. ZZD.</p

Two Sarcoviolins with Antioxidative and α‑Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from the Edible Mushroom <i>Sarcodon leucopus</i> Collected in Tibet

Edible mushrooms are known as an important source of natural antioxidants. The ethyl acetate extract of the edible mushroom <i>Sarcodon leucopus</i> (Zangzi mushroom) possesses strong antioxidative activity. Bioactivity-guided isolation afforded 10 compounds from its fruiting bodies, including two new sarcoviolins, sarcoviolin β (<b>1</b>) and episarcoviolin β (<b>2</b>), and one new <i>p</i>-terphenyl derivative (<b>3</b>) along with seven known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and comparison with the known compounds. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>10</b> were found to have antioxidant effects in the DPPH scavenging assay, the total antioxidant capacity assay, the reducing power assay, and the lipid peroxidation assay. Further study indicated that they could protect DNA strands from free radical-induced cleavage at 200 μM. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>10</b> also presented strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Of all tested compounds, compound <b>1</b> exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.58 μM

The predicted novel miRNAs targets of <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.

<p>The predicted novel miRNAs targets of <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i>.</p