A Note on Power-Laws of Internet Topology

The three Power-Laws proposed by Faloutsos et al(1999) are important discoveries among many recent works on finding hidden rules in the seemingly chaotic Internet topology. In this note, we want to point out that the first two laws discovered by Faloutsos et al(1999, hereafter, {\it Faloutsos' Power Laws}) are in fact equivalent. That is, as long as any one of them is true, the other can be derived from it, and {\it vice versa}. Although these two laws are equivalent, they provide different ways to measure the exponents of their corresponding power law relations. We also show that these two measures will give equivalent results, but with different error bars. We argue that for nodes of not very large out-degree($\leq 32$ in our simulation), the first Faloutsos' Power Law is superior to the second one in giving a better estimate of the exponent, while for nodes of very large out-degree($> 32$) the power law relation may not be present, at least for the relation between the frequency of out-degree and node out-degree.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure

Modeling Temporal Dynamics and Spatial Configurations of Actions Using Two-Stream Recurrent Neural Networks

Recently, skeleton based action recognition gains more popularity due to cost-effective depth sensors coupled with real-time skeleton estimation algorithms. Traditional approaches based on handcrafted features are limited to represent the complexity of motion patterns. Recent methods that use Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) to handle raw skeletons only focus on the contextual dependency in the temporal domain and neglect the spatial configurations of articulated skeletons. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stream RNN architecture to model both temporal dynamics and spatial configurations for skeleton based action recognition. We explore two different structures for the temporal stream: stacked RNN and hierarchical RNN. Hierarchical RNN is designed according to human body kinematics. We also propose two effective methods to model the spatial structure by converting the spatial graph into a sequence of joints. To improve generalization of our model, we further exploit 3D transformation based data augmentation techniques including rotation and scaling transformation to transform the 3D coordinates of skeletons during training. Experiments on 3D action recognition benchmark datasets show that our method brings a considerable improvement for a variety of actions, i.e., generic actions, interaction activities and gestures.Comment: Accepted to IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 201

La banca central en tiempos de guerra: China 1927-1949

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, leída el 05-11-2020The central banking system has been a worldwide-adopted banking system since the 20th century, which influences political and economic structures profoundly in different countries to this day. Chinese Mainland is the second biggest economic entity, whose economic growth in the last 30 years gets the attention of the world. One hot topic is the function of China’s central banking system. But the works for studying the establishment of China’s central bank and the monetary thought debate behind the event still require further analysis. This thesis explains the establishment of China’s central banking system by following the monetary thought debate among Chinese economists, politicians, and foreign financial specialists. They provided advice for monetary policy from 1927 to 1949.This research has the following three main objectives: Revise the monetary thought debate from 1927 to 1949 among Chinese economists, politicians, and Western financial specialists on how to improve the Chinese monetary system and how to build an effective central-banking system during wartime. Demonstrate how the establishment of central banking was supported by the monetary theories provided in the monetary thought debate...El sistema de banca central ha sido el sistema bancario adoptado en todo el mundo desde el siglo XX, influyendo profundamente en las estructuras políticas y económicas de muchos países hasta nuestros días. China continental es la segunda potencia económica más grande a nivel internacional, cuyo crecimiento económico en los últimos 30 años ha llamado la atención en todo el mundo. Un tema candente relacionado con China es la función de su sistema de banca central. Sin embargo, los trabajos para estudiar la creación del banco central de China y el debate sobre el pensamiento monetario detrás de la aparición de dicha institución, aún requieren un análisis más detallado. Esta tesis explica el establecimiento del sistema de banca central de China siguiendo el debate del pensamiento monetario entre economistas y políticos chinos y especialistas financieros extranjeros, que brindaron asesoramiento para la política monetaria de 1927 a 1949...Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y EmpresarialesTRUEunpu

Virtual screening of DrugBank database for hERG blockers using topological Laplacian-assisted AI models

The human {\it ether-a-go-go} (hERG) potassium channel (K$_\text{v}11.1$) plays a critical role in mediating cardiac action potential. The blockade of this ion channel can potentially lead fatal disorder and/or long QT syndrome. Many drugs have been withdrawn because of their serious hERG-cardiotoxicity. It is crucial to assess the hERG blockade activity in the early stage of drug discovery. We are particularly interested in the hERG-cardiotoxicity of compounds collected in the DrugBank database considering that many DrugBank compounds have been approved for therapeutic treatments or have high potential to become drugs. Machine learning-based in silico tools offer a rapid and economical platform to virtually screen DrugBank compounds. We design accurate and robust classifiers for blockers/non-blockers and then build regressors to quantitatively analyze the binding potency of the DrugBank compounds on the hERG channel. Molecular sequences are embedded with two natural language processing (NPL) methods, namely, autoencoder and transformer. Complementary three-dimensional (3D) molecular structures are embedded with two advanced mathematical approaches, i.e., topological Laplacians and algebraic graphs. With our state-of-the-art tools, we reveal that 227 out of the 8641 DrugBank compounds are potential hERG blockers, suggesting serious drug safety problems. Our predictions provide guidance for the further experimental interrogation of DrugBank compounds' hERG-cardiotoxicity

Conservación y mantenimiento de la tapia de la muralla histórica de Pingyao, China

[EN] One of the remarkable characteristics of the Ancient Pingyao City Wall, which has been listed as Cultural World Heritage Site in 1997, is the internal rammed earth face, behind the exterior brick finishing. Although many consolidation and restoration treatments were carried out in the past decades, parts of the city wall are still in danger to collapse. Laboratory tests show that the loess soil, the main construction material of the Pingyao city wall, is poor in clay. It is not water resistant without any treatment. From 2011 after quality examination the damaged earthen finishing has been restored only with traditional ramming technique. However, based on the visual inspection done in September 2018, protective lime-earth plasters as sacrificial layer to rammed earth finishing may be a technically and financially sustainable solution.[ES] Una de las características más destacadas de la antigua muralla de la ciudad de Pingyao, declarada Patrimonio Mundial en 1997, es la estructura de tapia tras la fábrica de ladrillo que recubre el perímetro externo. A pesar de las muchas intervenciones de consolidación y restauración llevadas a cabo durante las pasadas décadas, aún existen tramos de la muralla que corren el riesgo de derrumbarse. Se han realizado ensayos de laboratorio que muestran que el material de construcción principal de las murallas de Pingyao, es pobre en arcillas, y por lo tanto, no es resistente al agua sin un tratamiento previo. A partir de 2011 y tras un examen cualitativo, se ha restaurado la tapia dañada usando exclusivamente la técnica tradicional de la tapia. Sin embargo, la inspección llevada a cabo en septiembre de 2018, ha permitido determinar que el uso de morteros mixtos de cal y arena como capa de mortero de sacricio puede ser una solución técnica y económicamente más sostenible.Shibing, D.; Hongsong, L. (2019). Conservation and maintenance of the rammed earth of the Historic City Wall of Pingyao，China. Loggia, Arquitectura & Restauración. 0(32):46-59. https://doi.org/10.4995/loggia.2019.11221OJS4659032晋中市史志研究院编.平遥古城志[M].北京：中华 书局，2002.中国文化遗产研究院.山西省平遥古城城墙结构加 固工程总体设计方案[R].北京：中国文化遗产研究 院，2007.中冶集团建筑研究总院.平遥古城墙可靠性鉴定报 告[R].北京：中冶集团建筑研究总院，2005.总装备部工程设计研究总院.山西省平遥古城城墙 现状补充调查报告[R].北京：总装备部工程设计研 究总院，2006.王旭东.中国干旱环境下土遗址保护关键技术研究 新进展[J].敦煌研究2008(6):6-12.孙满利 王旭东 李最雄.土遗址保护初论[M].科学 出版社， 2010.KUHL O. Untersuchungen zur Bodenverfestigung mit Kalk[J], Band 59, OBERHESSISCHE NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEZeitschrift, ISSN 0340-4498, 1997:73-77.SCHADE H-W. Untersuchungen Zum Reaktionsverhalten von Mischbindemitteln zur Bodenbehandlung (05.130/2002/DGB)[M]//Wirtschaftsverlag N. W. Verlag für neue Wissenschaft, 2006:1-40 .KRAJEWSKI W., KUHL O. Eignung Frostempfindlicher Boeden Fuer die Behandlung mit Kalk[M]// Berichte der Bundesanstalt fuer Strassenwesen. Bremerhaven, Wirtschaftsverlag NW, 2005, 7-45.HOUBEN H. GUILLAUD H. Earth Construction - A Comprehensive Guide[M]. Rugby, ITDG Publishing, 1994 (reprint 2005), 124-126.Merkblatt ueber Bodenverfestigungen und Bodenverbesserungen mit Bindemittel[S]. Köln, Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen Arbeitsgruppe Erd- und Grundbau, 2004