Analyzing Bivariate Survival Data with Interval Sampling and Application to Cancer Epidemiology

In medical follow-up studies, ordered bivariate survival data are frequently encountered when bivariate failure events are used as the outcomes to identify the progression of a disease. In cancer studies interest could be focused on bivariate failure times, for example, time from birth to cancer onset and time from cancer onset to death. This paper considers a sampling scheme where the first failure event (cancer onset) is identified within a calendar time interval, the time of the initiating event (birth) can be retrospectively confirmed, and the occurrence of the second event (death) is observed sub ject to right censoring. To analyze this type of bivariate failure time data, it is important to recognize the presence of bias arising due to interval sampling. In this paper, nonparametric and semiparametric methods are developed to analyze the bivariate survival data with interval sampling under stationary and semi-stationary conditions. Numerical studies demonstrate the proposed estimating approaches perform well with practical sample sizes in different simulated models. We apply the proposed methods to SEER ovarian cancer registry data for illustration of the methods and theory

N-[2-Chloro-6-(4-chloro-6-methoxy­pyrimidin-2-ylsulfan­yl)benz­yl]-3,4-dimethyl­aniline

In the title mol­ecule, C20H19Cl2N3OS, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 79.3 (7)°. The 4-chloro-6-methoxy­pyrimidine group is rotationally disordered over two sites by approximately 180°, the ratio of the refined occupancies being 0.6772 (15):0.3228 (15). Both disorder components of disorder are involved in intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

Design and Achievement of User Interface Automation Testing of Linux Based on Element Tree of DogTail

As Linux gets more popular around the world, the advantage of the open source on software makes people do automated UI test by unified testing framework. UI software testing can guarantee the rationality of User Interface of Linux and accuracy of the UI’s widgets. In order to set free from fuzzy and repeated manual testing, and improve efficiency, this paper achieves automation testing of UI under Linux, and proposes a method to identify and test UI widgets under Linux, which is according to element tree of DogTail automaton testing framework. It achieves automation test of UI under Linux. According to this method, Aiming at the product of Red Hat Subscription Manager under Red Hat Enterprise Linux, it designs the automation test plan of this series of product’s dialogs. After many tests, it is indicated that this plan can identify UI widgets accurately and rationally, describe the structure of software clearly, avoid software errors and improve efficiency of the software. Simultaneously, it also can be used in the internationalization testing for checking translation during software internationalization

Connexin26 Gap Junction Mediates miRNA Intercellular Genetic Communication in the Cochlea and Is Required for Inner Ear Development

Organ development requires well-established intercellular communication to coordinate cell proliferations and differentiations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that can broadly regulate gene expression and play a critical role in the organ development. In this study, we found that miRNAs could pass through gap junctions between native cochlear supporting cells to play a role in the cochlear development. Connexin26 (Cx26) and Cx30 are predominant isoforms and co-express in the cochlea. Cx26 deficiency but not Cx30 deficiency can cause cochlear developmental disorders. We found that associated with Cx26 deletion induced the cochlear developmental disorders, deletion of Cx26 but not Cx30 disrupted miRNA intercellular transfer in the cochlea, although inner ear gap junctions still retained permeability after deletion of Cx26. Moreover, we found that deletion of Cx26 but not Cx30 reduced miR-96 expression in the cochlea during postnatal development. The reduction is associated with the cochlear tunnel developmental disorder in Cx26 knockout (KO) mice. These data reveal that Cx26-mediated intercellular communication is required for cochlear development and that deficiency of Cx26 can impair miRNA-mediated intercellular genetic communication in the cochlea, which may lead to cochlear developmental disorders and eventually congenital deafness as previously reported

Submerzni uzgoj gljiva u bioreaktorima – izazovi, dostignuća i budućnost proizvodnje

Medicinal mushrooms have profound health-promoting benefits. Recently, a number of substances of mushroom origin have been isolated, identified and shown to have physiological activities, such as antitumor, immunomodulating, cardiovascular, antihypercholesterolemia, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Currently, commercial products from medicinal mushrooms are mostly obtained through the field-cultivation of the fruiting body. However, in this case it is difficult to control the quality of the final product. Submerged fermentation of the mycelial form of mushroom-producing fungi has received much attention as a promising alternative for efficient production of the biomass of medicinal mushrooms and their active metabolites. However, in order for the production to be successful at industrial scale, various technical problems need to be solved, including characterization of the variations that occur during the submerged cultivation of mushrooms in bioreactors and their effects on growth and product formation. This review outlines the major factors that affect the submerged cultivation of mushrooms in bioreactors, including oxygen supply, shear and mixing, morphology and rheology, as well as two-stage cultivation strategies and high-cell-density cultivation strategies such as fed-batch fermentation.Medicinske gljive pozitivno djeluju na ljudsko zdravlje. U novije vrijeme izolirane su brojne tvari iz gljiva koje utječu na fiziološke procese i imaju antitumorski, imunomodulacijski i kardiovaskularni učinak, snizuju kolesterol, imaju antibakterijski, antivirusni, antiparazitski i hepatoprotektivni učinak i sprečavaju pojavu dijabetesa. Komercijalni proizvodi dobivaju se uzgojem medicinskih gljiva na polju. Međutim, tim se postupkom teško kontrolira kakvoća gotovog proizvoda. Submerzna fermentacija micelija gljiva moguća je alternativa za uspješnu proizvodnju biomase medicinskih gljiva i njihovih aktivnih metabolita. Međutim, da bi se postigla uspješna industrijska proizvodnja, treba riješiti razne tehničke probleme, između ostalog odrediti odstupanja pri submerznom uzgoju gljiva u bioreaktorima i njihov utjecaj na rast i formiranje gotovog proizvoda. U ovom se revijalnom prikazu razmatraju glavni faktori utjecaja na submerzni uzgoj gljiva u bioreaktorima, a to su opskrba kisikom, posmično naprezanje i miješanje, te morfologija i reologija, opisuje strategija uzgoja gljiva u dvije faze te proizvodnja stanica velike gustoće šaržnom fermentacijom