21 research outputs found
Energy Transport State Resolved Raman for Probing Interface Energy Transport and Hot Carrier Diffusion in Few-Layered MoS<sub>2</sub>
Quantitative understanding
of 2D atomic layer interface thermal
resistance (<i>R</i>) based on Raman characterization is
significantly hindered by unknown sample-to-sample optical properties
variation, interface-induced optical interference, off-normal laser
irradiation, and large thermal-Raman calibration uncertainties. In
this work, we develop a novel energy transport state resolved Raman
(ET-Raman) to resolve these critical issues, and also consider the
hot carrier diffusion, which is crucial but has been rarely considered
during interface energy transport study. In ET-Raman, by constructing
two steady heat conduction states with different laser spot sizes,
we differentiate the effect of <i>R</i> and hot carrier
diffusion coefficient (<i>D</i>). By constructing an extreme
state of zero/negligible heat conduction using a picosecond laser,
we differentiate the effect of <i>R</i> and material’s
specific heat. In the end, we precisely determine <i>R</i> and <i>D</i> without need of laser absorption and temperature
rise of the 2D atomic layer. Seven MoS<sub>2</sub> samples (6.6–17.4
nm) on c-Si are characterized using ET-Raman. Their <i>D</i> is measured in the order of 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup>/s, increasing against
the MoS<sub>2</sub> thickness. This is attributed to the weaker in-plane
electron–phonon interaction in thicker samples, enhanced screening
of long-range disorder, and improved charge impurities mitigation. <i>R</i> is determined as 1.22–1.87 × 10<sup>–7</sup> K·m<sup>2</sup>/W, decreasing with the MoS<sub>2</sub> thickness.
This is explained by the interface spacing variation due to thermal
expansion mismatch between MoS<sub>2</sub> and Si, and increased stiffness
of thicker MoS<sub>2</sub>. The local interface spacing is uncovered
by comparing the theoretical Raman intensity and experimental data,
and is correlated with the observed <i>R</i> variation
An Approach for the Sphere-to-Rod Transition of Multiblock Copolymer Micelles
The shape of polymer micelles is important for pharmaceutical
applications
as drug delivery. In this article, an approach inducing sphere-to-rod
transition of multiblock polyurethane micelles has been developed
through introducing a second hydrophilic component phosphatidylcholine
group into the polymer chains. Time-resolved dynamic light scattering
(DLS), combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), was employed
to investigate the kinetics of morphology transition. Moreover, a
dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation method was applied
to study the mechanism of sphere-to-rod transition. These experimental
and simulation studies revealed that the hydrophilic phosphatidylcholine
groups can create defects on the surfaces of spherical polyurethane
micelles, thus, making positive contribution to adhesive collisions
and leading to the fusion of spherical micelles into rod-like micelles.
This finding provides new insight into the origins of rod-like polymer
micelles, which is valuable for the design and preparation of novel
polymeric drug carriers with tailored properties
Multilayer Choline Phosphate Molecule Modified Surface with Enhanced Cell Adhesion but Resistance to Protein Adsorption
Choline
phosphate (CP), which is a new zwitterionic molecule, and
has the reverse order of phosphate choline (PC) and could bind to
the cell membrane though the unique CP–PC interaction. Here
we modified a glass surface with multilayer CP molecules using surface-initiated
atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) and the ring-opening
method. Polymeric brushes of (diÂmethylÂamino)Âethyl
methÂacrylate (DMAEMA) were synthesized by SI-ATRP from the glass
surface. Then the grafted PDMAEMA brushes were used to introduce CP
groups to fabricate the multilayer CP molecule modified surface. The
protein adsorption experiment and cell culture test were used to evaluate
the biocompatibility of the modified surfaces by using human umbilical
veinendothelial cells (HUVECs). The protein adsorption results demonstrated
that the multilayer CP molecule decorated surface could prevent the
adsorption of fibrinogen and serum protein. The adhesion and proliferation
of cells were improved significantly on the multilayer CP molecule
modified surface. Therefore, the biocompatibility of the material
surface could be improved by the modified multilayer CP molecule,
which exhibits great potential for biomedical applications, e.g.,
scaffolds in tissue engineering
Cell Internalizable and Intracellularly Degradable Cationic Polyurethane Micelles as a Potential Platform for Efficient Imaging and Drug Delivery
A cell internalizable and intracellularly
degradable micellar system, assembled from multiblock polyurethanes
bearing cell-penetrating gemini quaternary ammonium pendent groups
in the side chain and redox-responsive disulfide linkages throughout
the backbone, was developed for potential magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) and drug delivery. The nanocarrier is featured as a typical
“cleavable core–internalizable shell–protective
corona” architecture, which exhibits small size, positive surface
charge, high loading capacity, and reduction-triggered destabilization.
Furthermore, it can rapidly enter tumor cells and release its cargo
in response to an intracellular level of glutathione, resulting in
enhanced drug efficacy <i>in vitro</i>. The magnetic micelles
loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles demonstrate
excellent MRI contrast enhancement, with <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxivity found to be affected by the morphology of SPIO-clustering
inside the micelle core. The multifunctional carrier with good cytocompatibility
and nontoxic degradation products can serve as a promising theranostic
candidate for efficient intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs
and real-time monitoring of therapeutic effect
Table_2_Normal distribution of H3K9me3 occupancy co-mediated by histone methyltransferase BcDIM5 and histone deacetylase BcHda1 maintains stable ABA synthesis in Botrytis cinerea TB-31.XLSX
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a conserved and important “sesquiterpene signaling molecule” widely distributed in different organisms with unique biological functions. ABA coordinates reciprocity and competition between microorganisms and their hosts. In addition, ABA also regulates immune and stress responses in plants and animals. Therefore, ABA has a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine and related fields. The plant pathogenic ascomycete B. cinerea has been extensively studied as a model strain for ABA production. Nevertheless, there is a relative dearth of research regarding the regulatory mechanism governing ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea. Here, we discovered that H3K9 methyltransferase BcDIM5 is physically associated with the H3K14 deacetylase BcHda1. Deletion of Bcdim5 and Bchda1 in the high ABA-producing B. cinerea TB-31 led to severe impairment of ABA synthesis. The combined analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq has revealed that the absence of BcDIM5 and BcHda1 has resulted in significant global deficiencies in the normal distribution and level of H3K9me3 modification. In addition, we found that the cause of the decreased ABA production in the ΔBcdim5 and ΔBchda1 mutants was due to cluster gene repression caused by the emergence of hyper-H3K9me3 in the ABA gene cluster. We concluded that the ABA gene cluster is co-regulated by BcDIM5 and BcHda1, which are essential for the normal distribution of the B. cinerea TB-31 ABA gene cluster H3K9me3. This work expands our understanding of the complex regulatory network of ABA biosynthesis and provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of high-yielding ABA strains.</p
Antibacterial and Biocompatible Cross-Linked Waterborne Polyurethanes Containing Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salts
A cross-linked
waterborne polyurethane (CPTMGPU) with long-term
stability was developed from polyÂ(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polyoxytetramethylene
glycol (PTMG), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), l-lysine,
and its derivative diamine consisting of gemini quaternary ammonium
salt (GQAS), using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) as a cross-linker.
Weight loss test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements,
and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(ATR-FTIR) were performed to prove the surface structure and stability
of these CPTMGPU films. Furthermore, the GQAS-bearing CPTMGPUs show
repeatable contact-active antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria and do not show
any inhibition effect against fibroblasts in vitro. After subcutaneous
implantation in rats, the CPTMGPU films manifest good biocompatibility
in vivo, despite the presence of a typical foreign body reaction toward
surrounding tissues and mild systematic inflammation reaction that
could be eliminated after a short implantation period, as demonstrated
by histology and immunohistochemistry combined with interleukin (IL)-1β,
IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α analysis though enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
(qRT-PCR). Therefore, these cross-linked waterborne polyurethanes
hold great promise for antibacterial applications in vivo
Data_Sheet_1_Normal distribution of H3K9me3 occupancy co-mediated by histone methyltransferase BcDIM5 and histone deacetylase BcHda1 maintains stable ABA synthesis in Botrytis cinerea TB-31.pdf
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a conserved and important “sesquiterpene signaling molecule” widely distributed in different organisms with unique biological functions. ABA coordinates reciprocity and competition between microorganisms and their hosts. In addition, ABA also regulates immune and stress responses in plants and animals. Therefore, ABA has a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine and related fields. The plant pathogenic ascomycete B. cinerea has been extensively studied as a model strain for ABA production. Nevertheless, there is a relative dearth of research regarding the regulatory mechanism governing ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea. Here, we discovered that H3K9 methyltransferase BcDIM5 is physically associated with the H3K14 deacetylase BcHda1. Deletion of Bcdim5 and Bchda1 in the high ABA-producing B. cinerea TB-31 led to severe impairment of ABA synthesis. The combined analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq has revealed that the absence of BcDIM5 and BcHda1 has resulted in significant global deficiencies in the normal distribution and level of H3K9me3 modification. In addition, we found that the cause of the decreased ABA production in the ΔBcdim5 and ΔBchda1 mutants was due to cluster gene repression caused by the emergence of hyper-H3K9me3 in the ABA gene cluster. We concluded that the ABA gene cluster is co-regulated by BcDIM5 and BcHda1, which are essential for the normal distribution of the B. cinerea TB-31 ABA gene cluster H3K9me3. This work expands our understanding of the complex regulatory network of ABA biosynthesis and provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of high-yielding ABA strains.</p
Data_Sheet_2_Normal distribution of H3K9me3 occupancy co-mediated by histone methyltransferase BcDIM5 and histone deacetylase BcHda1 maintains stable ABA synthesis in Botrytis cinerea TB-31.ZIP
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a conserved and important “sesquiterpene signaling molecule” widely distributed in different organisms with unique biological functions. ABA coordinates reciprocity and competition between microorganisms and their hosts. In addition, ABA also regulates immune and stress responses in plants and animals. Therefore, ABA has a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine and related fields. The plant pathogenic ascomycete B. cinerea has been extensively studied as a model strain for ABA production. Nevertheless, there is a relative dearth of research regarding the regulatory mechanism governing ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea. Here, we discovered that H3K9 methyltransferase BcDIM5 is physically associated with the H3K14 deacetylase BcHda1. Deletion of Bcdim5 and Bchda1 in the high ABA-producing B. cinerea TB-31 led to severe impairment of ABA synthesis. The combined analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq has revealed that the absence of BcDIM5 and BcHda1 has resulted in significant global deficiencies in the normal distribution and level of H3K9me3 modification. In addition, we found that the cause of the decreased ABA production in the ΔBcdim5 and ΔBchda1 mutants was due to cluster gene repression caused by the emergence of hyper-H3K9me3 in the ABA gene cluster. We concluded that the ABA gene cluster is co-regulated by BcDIM5 and BcHda1, which are essential for the normal distribution of the B. cinerea TB-31 ABA gene cluster H3K9me3. This work expands our understanding of the complex regulatory network of ABA biosynthesis and provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of high-yielding ABA strains.</p
Data_Sheet_3_Normal distribution of H3K9me3 occupancy co-mediated by histone methyltransferase BcDIM5 and histone deacetylase BcHda1 maintains stable ABA synthesis in Botrytis cinerea TB-31.ZIP
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a conserved and important “sesquiterpene signaling molecule” widely distributed in different organisms with unique biological functions. ABA coordinates reciprocity and competition between microorganisms and their hosts. In addition, ABA also regulates immune and stress responses in plants and animals. Therefore, ABA has a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine and related fields. The plant pathogenic ascomycete B. cinerea has been extensively studied as a model strain for ABA production. Nevertheless, there is a relative dearth of research regarding the regulatory mechanism governing ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea. Here, we discovered that H3K9 methyltransferase BcDIM5 is physically associated with the H3K14 deacetylase BcHda1. Deletion of Bcdim5 and Bchda1 in the high ABA-producing B. cinerea TB-31 led to severe impairment of ABA synthesis. The combined analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq has revealed that the absence of BcDIM5 and BcHda1 has resulted in significant global deficiencies in the normal distribution and level of H3K9me3 modification. In addition, we found that the cause of the decreased ABA production in the ΔBcdim5 and ΔBchda1 mutants was due to cluster gene repression caused by the emergence of hyper-H3K9me3 in the ABA gene cluster. We concluded that the ABA gene cluster is co-regulated by BcDIM5 and BcHda1, which are essential for the normal distribution of the B. cinerea TB-31 ABA gene cluster H3K9me3. This work expands our understanding of the complex regulatory network of ABA biosynthesis and provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of high-yielding ABA strains.</p
MOESM2 of Aberrant monocyte responses predict and characterize dengue virus infection in individuals with severe disease
Additional file 2: Figure S1. (A) Plasma levels IL-18BPa and free circulating IL-18 in dengue patients at febrile and defeverscence phase. (B) Spearman correlation between IL-18 and IL-18BP among DWS and DWS+/SD. Levels of biomarkers were compared across the three patient groups and post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests were then performed for those biomarkers with a Kruskal–Wallis test P value of <0.05. A Spearman rank test was used to compare the correlation between two continuous variables. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05