A methodology for determining optimum microwave remote sensor parameters

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

A House of Cards: Free Banking in Antebellum Chicago

The Chicago free banking market of the antebellum period has more than once aroused the interest of historians and economists alike. Implemented in the state of Illinois in 1851, free banking was a common, though not universal occurrence in the United States at the time. The city of Chicago’s experience with free banking was anything but common, however. Within the first 18 months after the Illinois legislature enacted the Illinois Free Banking Law, 9 free banks had begun operation in Chicago and between them had an aggregate note issue of over $800,000. But by 1860, Chicago was home to but a single free bank with less than$50,000 in circulation. Free banks in cities of comparable size had around $40 per person in note issue while Chicago had just$3.85.1 Those who have explored the subject have tended to focus on the bank wars or on the nature of free banking as a whole in their explanations, but neither of these explanations are entirely sufficient to explain the almost total lack of free banks in Chicago. Rather, a close examination of free banking in Chicago within the broader framework of Illinois free banking suggests that Chicago had what economist Andrew Economopoulos described as a shadow banking system.2 1Andrew Economopoulos, A Reappraisal of the Chicago Free Banking Market: Why so few Free Banks? (Collegeville: Ursinus College, 2016), pg. 1. 2Ibid

Radar studies related to the earth resources program

The radar systems research discussed is directed toward achieving successful application of radar to remote sensing problems in such areas as geology, hydrology, agriculture, geography, forestry, and oceanography. Topics discussed include imaging radar and evaluation of its modification, study of digital processing for synthetic aperture system, digital simulation of synthetic aperture system, averaging techniques studies, ultrasonic modeling of panchromatic system, panchromatic radar/radar spectrometer development, measuring octave-bandwidth response of selected targets, scatterometer system analysis, and a model Fresnel-zone processor for synthetic aperture imagery

Morphology of the Nuclear Disk in M87

A deep, fuly sampled diffraction limited (FWHM ~ 70 mas) narrow-band image of the central region in M87 was obtained with the Wide Filed and Planetary Camera 2 of the Hubble Space Telescope using the dithering technique. The H-alpha+[NII] continuum subtracted image reveals a wealth of details in the gaseous disk structure described earlier by Ford et al. (1994). The disk morphology is dominated by a well defined three-arm spiral pattern. In addition, the major spiral arms contain a large number of small "arclets" covering a range of sizes (0.1-0.3 arcsec = 10-30 pc). The overall surface brightness profile inside a radius ~1.5" (100 pc) is well represented by a power-law I(mu) ~ mu^(-1.75), but when the central ~40 pc are excluded it can be equally well fit by an exponential disk. The major axis position angle remains constant at about PA_disk ~ 6 deg for the innermost ~1", implying the disk is oriented nearly perpendicular to the synchrotron jet (PA_jet ~ 291 deg). At larger radial distances the isophotes twist, reflecting the gas distribution in the filaments connecting to the disk outskirts. The ellipticity within the same radial range is e = 0.2-0.4, which implies an inclination angle of i~35 deg. The sense of rotation combined with the dust obscuration pattern indicate that the spiral arms are trailing.Comment: 5 pages, 3 postscript figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the M87 Workshop, Ringberg castle, Germany, 15-19 Sep 1997, also available from http://jhufos.pha.jhu.edu/~zlatan/papers.htm

Metallicity Distribution Functions of Four Local Group dwarf galaxies

We present stellar metallicities in Leo I, Leo II, IC 1613, and Phoenix dwarf galaxies derived from medium (F390M) and broad (F555W, F814W) band photometry using the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We measured metallicity distribution functions (MDFs) in two ways, 1) matching stars to isochrones in color-color diagrams, and 2) solving for the best linear combination of synthetic populations to match the observed color-color diagram. The synthetic technique reduces the effect of photometric scatter, and produces MDFs 30-50 % narrower than the MDFs produced from individually matched stars. We fit the synthetic and individual MDFs to analytical chemical evolution models (CEM) to quantify the enrichment and the effect of gas flows within the galaxies. Additionally, we measure stellar metallicity gradients in Leo I and II. For IC 1613 and Phoenix our data do not have the radial extent to confirm a metallicity gradient for either galaxy. We find the MDF of Leo I (dwarf spheroidal) to be very peaked with a steep metal rich cutoff and an extended metal poor tail, while Leo II (dwarf spheroidal), Phoenix (dwarf transition) and IC 1613 (dwarf irregular) have wider, less peaked MDFs than Leo I. A simple CEM is not the best fit for any of our galaxies, therefore we also fit the `Best Accretion Model' of Lynden-Bell 1975. For Leo II, IC 1613 and Phoenix we find similar accretion parameters for the CEM, even though they all have different effective yields, masses, star formation histories and morphologies. We suggest that the dynamical history of a galaxy is reflected in the MDF, where broad MDFs are seen in galaxies that have chemically evolved in relative isolation and narrowly peaked MDFs are seen in galaxies that have experienced more complicated dynamical interactions concurrent with their chemical evolution.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, accepted in A

Image synthesis for SAR system, calibration and processor design

The Point Scattering Method of simulating radar imagery rigorously models all aspects of the imaging radar phenomena. Its computational algorithms operate on a symbolic representation of the terrain test site to calculate such parameters as range, angle of incidence, resolution cell size, etc. Empirical backscatter data and elevation data are utilized to model the terrain. Additionally, the important geometrical/propagation effects such as shadow, foreshortening, layover, and local angle of incidence are rigorously treated. Applications of radar image simulation to a proposed calibrated SAR system are highlighted: soil moisture detection and vegetation discrimination

Symptoms and Self-Care in Old Age

Self-care has recently come to be recognized as the predominant form of response to illness among the general population, but little is known regarding beliefs and practices of the aged. In this study, beliefs regarding the appropriate response to 53 common symptoms were investigated and contrasted to actual responses. Various forms of self-care were seen as appropriate responses to symptoms ranging from minor to potentially serious. Preference for self-care responses appears to be related to perceived severity of symptoms and the perceived effectiveness of available self-care responses.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66474/2/10.1177_073346488600500207.pd