Smartphone Dependence: Relation To Text-Message Dependence, Personality, And Loneliness

Given the ubiquity of smartphones, research has examined its impact on human behavior. Through prior studies have examined smartphones through the addiction framework, resulting in controversy of if habitual smartphone use is an addiction disorder, prior works have not examined the framework of how reliant someone is to their smartphone in their daily life. Additionally, prior works have not examined how smartphone dependence is related to texting dependence, state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, neuroticism, extroversion, and loneliness. The literature has also not examined the method of communication that an individual prefers and how that relates to loneliness. We had 237 undergraduate students complete a multitude of measures related to the constructs listed above. All four subscales of smartphone dependence were significantly and positively correlated with their respective texting dependence subscale. Additionally, extroversion was significantly correlated with the excessive use subscale and neuroticism was significantly correlated with emotional reaction and relationship maintenance subscale. A majority of the smartphone dependence subscales were significantly correlated with measures of state/trait anxiety, depression and loneliness. Loneliness was not related to the quantity of phone calls or text messages made on the typical day, however loneliness was significantly higher in individuals who prefer asynchronous methods of communication. Numerous associations with psychopathology were made in this study and provide the literature with further support that as technology evolves over time, research must continue to evolve as well, examining the very real negative effects associated with smartphone usage. Implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed

The Influence Of Attachment Security Priming On Relationship Social Comparison Interpretations

Relationship social comparisons occur when an individual compares their relationship to another. These comparisons are unavoidable and the interpretation of them can influence how an individual feels about their relationship. Dispositional attachment style may influence how these comparisons are interpreted. Furthermore, research has shown individuals can be temporarily primed for specific attachment styles which results in cognitions and behaviors consistent with that attachment style. The current study examined the efficacy of priming attachment security on how an individual interprets relationship social comparison interpretations (RSCIs) and relationship satisfaction. A final sample of 505 individuals in a dating relationship were recruited from the United States. Though attachment priming had no effect on positive upward RSCIs, participants primed with secure attachment made RSCIs that were less negative and had more relationship satisfaction. In addition, participants with fearful-avoidant and preoccupied attachment who were primed for secure attachment had less negative RSCI compared to participants with the same attachment style who did not receive the secure prime. Collectively, these results may be important first steps that attachment priming may be effective at promoting relationship interpretations that are less negative and relationships that are more satisfying

Seasonal overturning of the Labrador Sea as observed by Argo floats

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 47 (2017): 2531-2543, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0051.1.Argo floats are used to investigate Labrador Sea overturning and its variability on seasonal time scales. This is the first application of Argo floats to estimate overturning in a deep-water formation region in the North Atlantic. Unlike hydrographic measurements, which are typically confined to the summer season, floats offer the advantage of collecting data in all seasons. Seasonal composite potential density and absolute geostrophic velocity sections across the mouth of the Labrador Sea assembled from float profiles and trajectories at 1000 m are used to calculate the horizontal and overturning circulations. The overturning exhibits a pronounced seasonal cycle; in depth space the overturning doubles throughout the course of the year, and in density space it triples. The largest overturning [1.2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in depth space and 3.9 Sv in density space] occurs in spring and corresponds to the outflow of recently formed Labrador Sea Water. The overturning decreases through summer and reaches a minimum in winter (0.6 Sv in depth space and 1.2 Sv in density space). The robustness of the Argo seasonal overturning is supported by a comparison to an overturning estimate based on hydrographic data from the AR7W line.NSF OCE-1459474 supported this work.2018-04-1

An Argo mixed layer climatology and database

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 44 (2017): 5618–5626, doi:10.1002/2017GL073426.A global climatology and database of mixed layer properties are computed from nearly 1,250,000 Argo profiles. The climatology is calculated with both a hybrid algorithm for detecting the mixed layer depth (MLD) and a standard threshold method. The climatology provides accurate information about the depth, properties, extent, and seasonal patterns of global mixed layers. The individual profile results in the database can be used to construct time series of mixed layer properties in specific regions of interest. The climatology and database are available online at http://mixedlayer.ucsd.edu. The MLDs calculated by the hybrid algorithm are shallower and generally more accurate than those of the threshold method, particularly in regions of deep winter mixed layers; the new climatology differs the most from existing mixed layer climatologies in these regions. Examples are presented from the Labrador and Irminger Seas, the Southern Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean near the Gulf Stream. In these regions the threshold method tends to overestimate winter MLDs by approximately 10% compared to the algorithm.National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant Numbers: OCE-0327544, OCE-0960928, OCE-1459474; NOAA Grant Number: NA10OAR43101392017-12-1

Heat and salinity budgets at the Stratus mooring in the southeast Pacific

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 (2014): 8162–8176, doi:10.1002/2014JC010256.The surface layer of the southeast Pacific Ocean (SEP) requires an input of cold, fresh water to balance heat gain, and evaporation from air-sea fluxes. Models typically fail to reproduce the cool sea surface temperatures (SST) of the SEP, limiting our ability to understand the variability of this climatically important region. We estimate the annual heat budget of the SEP for the period 2004–2009, using data from the upper 250 m of the Stratus mooring, located at 85°W 20°S, and from Argo floats. The surface buoy measures meteorological conditions and air-sea fluxes; the mooring line is heavily instrumented, measuring temperature, salinity, and velocity at more than 15 depth levels. We use a new method for estimating the advective component of the heat budget that combines Argo profiles and mooring velocity data, allowing us to calculate monthly profiles of heat advection. Averaged over the 6 year study period, we estimate a cooling advective heat flux of −41 ± 29 W m−2, accomplished by a combination of the mean gyre circulation, Ekman transport, and eddies. This compensates for warming fluxes of 32 ± 4 W m−2 due to air-sea fluxes and 7 ± 9 W m−2 due to vertical mixing and Ekman pumping. A salinity budget exhibits a similar balance, with advection of freshwater (−60 psu m) replenishing the freshwater lost through evaporation (47 psu m) and Ekman pumping (14 psu m).This work was supported by NOAA's Climate Program Office and by NSF grant OCE-0745508.2015-05-2

Subantarctic mode water in the southeast Pacific : effect of exchange across the Subantarctic Front

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 118 (2013): 2052–2066, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20144.This study considered cross-frontal exchange as a possible mechanism for the observed along-front freshening and cooling between the 27.0 and 27.3 kg m − 3 isopycnals north of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) in the southeast Pacific Ocean. This isopycnal range, which includes the densest Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) formed in this region, is mostly below the mixed layer, and so experiences little direct air-sea forcing. Data from two cruises in the southeast Pacific were examined for evidence of cross-frontal exchange; numerous eddies and intrusions containing Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) water were observed north of the SAF, as well as a fresh surface layer during the summer cruise that was likely due to Ekman transport. These features penetrated north of the SAF, even though the potential vorticity structure of the SAF should have acted as a barrier to exchange. An optimum multiparameter (OMP) analysis incorporating a range of observed properties was used to estimate the cumulative cross-frontal exchange. The OMP analysis revealed an along-front increase in PFZ water fractional content in the region north of the SAF between the 27.1 and 27.3 kg m − 3 isopycnals; the increase was approximately 0.13 for every 15° of longitude. Between the 27.0 and 27.1 kg m − 3 isopycnals, the increase was approximately 0.15 for every 15° of longitude. A simple bulk calculation revealed that this magnitude of cross-frontal exchange could have caused the downstream evolution of SAMW temperature and salinity properties observed by Argo profiling floats.NSF Ocean Sciences grant OCE-0327544 supported L.D.T., T.K.C., and J.H. and funded the two research cruises; NSF Ocean Sciences grant OCE-0850869 funded part of the analysis. BMS’s contribution to this work was undertaken as part of the Australian Climate Change Science Program, funded jointly by the Department of Climate Change and CSIRO.2013-10-2

The role of air-sea fluxes in Subantarctic Mode Water formation

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 117 (2012): C03040, doi:10.1029/2011JC007798.Two hydrographic surveys and a one-dimensional mixed layer model are used to assess the role of air-sea fluxes in forming deep Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) mixed layers in the southeast Pacific Ocean. Forty-two SAMW mixed layers deeper than 400 m were observed north of the Subantarctic Front during the 2005 winter cruise, with the deepest mixed layers reaching 550 m. The densest, coldest, and freshest mixed layers were found in the cruise's eastern sections near 77°W. The deep SAMW mixed layers were observed concurrently with surface ocean heat loss of approximately −200 W m−2. The heat, momentum, and precipitation flux fields of five flux products are used to force a one-dimensional KPP mixed layer model initialized with profiles from the 2006 summer cruise. The simulated winter mixed layers generated by all of the forcing products resemble Argo observations of SAMW; this agreement also validates the flux products. Mixing driven by buoyancy loss and wind forcing is strong enough to deepen the SAMW layers. Wind-driven mixing is central to SAMW formation, as model runs forced with buoyancy forcing alone produce shallow mixed layers. Air-sea fluxes indirectly influence winter SAMW properties by controlling how deeply the profiles mix. The stratification and heat content of the initial profiles determine the properties of the SAMW and the likelihood of deep mixing. Summer profiles from just upstream of Drake Passage have less heat stored between 100 and 600 m than upstream profiles, and so, with sufficiently strong winter forcing, form a cold, dense variety of SAMW.NSF Ocean Sciences grant OCE-0327544 supported LDT, TKC, and JH and funded the two research cruises. BMS’s contribution to this work was undertaken as part of the Australian Climate Change Science Program, funded jointly by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency and CSIRO. The QuikSCAT wind mapping method [Kelly et al., 1999], used to create the Kelly flux product, was sponsored by NASA’s Ocean Vector Winds Science. NCEP Reanalysis data were provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD. WHOI’s OAFlux project is funded by the NOAA Climate Observations and Monitoring (COM) program.2012-09-2