The Effect of Physical Activity on the Insulin Response to Frequent Meals

Long, uninterrupted bouts of sedentary behavior are thought to negatively influence insulin sensitivity, and may impact metabolic function regardless of adherence to general physical activity guidelines. The purpose of this study was to determine the combined effect of physical activity (1 h continuous exercise v. intermittent exercise throughout the day) and meal consumption on glucose excursions, insulin secretion, and appetite markers in obese individuals with prediabetes. Methods: Eleven healthy, obese subjects (\u3e30 kg/m2) with prediabetes underwent 3, 12 h study days including sedentary behavior (SED), exercise (EX; 1h morning exercise, 60-65% VO2 max), and physical activity (PA; 12 hourly, intensity-matched 5-minute bouts). Meals were provided every 2 h. Blood samples were taken every 10 min for 12 h. Baseline and area under the curve (AUC) for serum glucose, insulin, c-peptide, total PYY concentrations, and subjective appetite ratings; as well as insulin pulsatility were determined. Results: No significant differences in baseline glucose, insulin or c-peptide concentrations across study days were observed (P\u3e0.05). Glucose AUC (12 h and 2 h) were significantly different across study days, with AUC attenuated in the PA condition compared to the EX condition (P\u3c0.05). The 12 h incremental insulin AUC was reduced by PA compared to SED (173,985±3556.8 v. 227,352±4581.2 pmol/L*min for 12 h, respectively; P\u3c0.05). Similarly, a significant main effect of condition in the 2 h insulin AUC was found, with the PA condition being reduced compared to SED condition (P\u3c0.05), but no differences between the EX and SED conditions. A significant reduction in 2 h c-peptide AUC was demonstrated with EX and PA compared to the SED condition (P\u3c0.05). Deconvolution analysis of insulin secretion revealed no significant differences between experimental conditions. There were no significant differences in total PYY between experimental conditions, though subjective measures of hunger and satiety were reduced with continuous and intermittent exercise. Conclusions: Short bouts of physical activity throughout the day attenuate glucose excursions and improve insulin clearance compared to an exercise day with 1 h of morning exercise. Further, both continuous and intermittent exercise mechanisms that improve satiety in obese individuals are not related to changes in concentrations of PYY

Cardiovascular and metabolic demands of the kettlebell swing using a Tabata interval versus a traditional resistance protocol

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(3) : 179-185, 2014. Tabata (TAB) training, consisting of eight cycles of 20 seconds of maximal exercise followed by 10 seconds of rest, is time-efficient, with aerobic and anaerobic benefit. This study investigated the cardiovascular and metabolic demands of a TAB versus traditional (TRAD) resistance protocol with the kettlebell swing. Fourteen young (18-25y), non-obese (BMI 25.7±0.8 kg/m2) participants reported on three occasions. All testing incorporated measurements of HR, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate accumulation. Each participant completed Tabata kettlebell swings (male- 8kg, female- 4.5kg; 8 intervals; 20s maximal repetitions, 10s rest). On a subsequent visit (TRAD), the total swings from the TAB protocol were evenly divided into 4 sets, with 90s rest between sets. Outcome measures were compared using paired t-tests. The TAB was completed more quickly than the TRAD protocol (240.0±0.0 v. 521.5±3.3 sec, P\u3c0.01), at a higher perceived exertion (Borg RPE; 15.1±0.7 v. 11.7±0.9, P\u3c0.01). The TAB elicited a higher average VO2 value (33.1±1.5 v. 27.2±1.6 ml/kg/min, P\u3c0.01), percent of VO2peak achieved (71.0±0.3 v. 58.4±0.3%, P\u3c0.01), maximal HR (162.4±4.6 v. 145.6±4.8 bpm, P\u3c0.01), and post-exercise blood lactate concentration (6.4±1.1 v. 3.7±0.5 mmol/L, P\u3c0.01). Conclusion: The kettlebell swing demonstrated significantly greater cardiovascular and metabolic responses within a TAB vs. TRAD framework. Appropriate screening and risk stratification are advised before implementing kettlebell swings

Observation of Inter-arm Systolic Blood Pressure Difference During Exercise

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Differential Response To Tabata Interval Versus Traditional Kettlebell Training Protocol

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Differences Between Two Commonly Measured \u27Suprailiac\u27 Skinfold Sites

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Ecological properties of earthworm burrows in an organically managed grass-clover system

Earthworms have long been recognized for their soil engineering capacities. Since the creation of the ecosystem service concept the utilitarian perception of nature has gained a lot of attention and funding for research. Hence, we selected earthworms and their burrowing activities to enable an assessment of their influence on water movement and nutrient release. The study went on in autumn where earthworm population densities and their burrowing activities were quantified in plots of third year clover-grass crops differing in fertilisation and the manner of removing the biomass either by grazing or cutting. We found very high biomasses as expected for clover-grass about 200 g wet earthworm weight m-2. The common earthworm association typical to our region was: Aporrectodea tuberculata, Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea longa and Lumbricus terrestris, i.e. two endogeic and two anecic species. We present our results on the burrow size distribution down the soil profile and link it to the species and species traits. The results are further put into perspective in our present research on macropores related to soil ecosystem services and pesticide leachin

Real-Time Hemodynamic Evidence Supporting the Safety of Acute Isometric Exercise

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Warming shifts the biomass distribution of soil microarthropod communities

Climate warming is often more detrimental to large body sized organisms than small body sized organisms. Yet, how such differential effects of warming at organismal levels affect aggregate community properties, such as community biomass, remains little understood. Here, using geothermally warmed sub-Arctic grassland soils, we investigate how total biomass (product of density and individual body mass) of two major groups of soil microarthropods (Collembola and mites), which are composed of both large and small body sized species, shift in warmed soils when warmed by ∼3–∼6 °C. Our results show that total biomass of Collembola significantly decreased in warmed soils predominantly due to a decline in the density of large body sized species. In contrast, total mite biomass showed a unimodal response to warming. As a result, there was a shift towards mite biomass dominated microarthropod communities in warmed soils. Within Collembola, the deep soil living eu-edaphic functional group declined the most in total biomass, whereas the unimodal response in mites was most pronounced in oribatid mites. Our study highlights that warming induced shifts in total community biomass of soil microarthropods are likely due to greater detrimental effects of warming on several large body sized Collembola

Inter-leg difference in blood pressure is related to the ankle-brachial index in healthy individuals

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