A COMPARISON OF CHOLINESTERASE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CEREBELLUM OF SEVERAL SPECIES *

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65142/1/j.1471-4159.1964.tb06717.x.pd

International Experience of Mechanical Thrombectomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from STAR and ENRG

Background: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many centers altered stroke triage protocols for the protection of their providers. However, the effect of workflow changes on stroke patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has not been systematically studied. Methods: A prospective international study was launched at the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic. All included centers participated in the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR) and Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG). Data was collected during the peak months of the COVID-19 surge at each site. Collected data included patient and disease characteristics. A generalized linear model with logit link function was used to estimate the effect of general anesthesia (GA) on in-hospital mortality and discharge outcome controlling for confounders. Results: 458 patients and 28 centers were included from North America, South America, and Europe. Five centers were in high-COVID burden counties (HCC) in which 9/104 (8.7%) of patients were positive for COVID-19 compared with 4/354 (1.1%) in low-COVID burden counties (LCC) (P<0.001). 241 patients underwent pre-procedure GA. Compared with patients treated awake, GA patients had longer door to reperfusion time (138 vs 100 min, P=<0.001). On multivariate analysis, GA was associated with higher probability of in-hospital mortality (RR 1.871, P=0.029) and lower probability of functional independence at discharge (RR 0.53, P=0.015). Conclusion: We observed a low rate of COVID-19 infection among stroke patients undergoing MT in LCC. Overall, more than half of the patients underwent intubation prior to MT, leading to prolonged door to reperfusion time, higher in-hospital mortality, and lower likelihood of functional independence at discharge.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mechanisms and treatment of ischaemic stroke: insights from genetic associations

The precise pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke is unclear, and a greater understanding of the different mechanisms that underlie large-artery, cardioembolic and lacunar ischaemic stroke subtypes would enable the development of more-effective, subtype-specific therapies. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are identifying novel genetic variants that associate with the risk of stroke. These associations provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms, and present opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we summarize the genetic variants that have been linked to ischaemic stroke in GWASs to date and discuss the implications of these associations for both our understanding and treatment of ischaemic stroke. The majority of genetic variants identified are associated with specific subtypes of ischaemic stroke, implying that these subtypes have distinct genetic architectures and pathophysiological mechanisms. The findings from the GWASs highlight the need to consider whether therapies should be subtype-specific. Further GWASs that include large cohorts are likely to provide further insights, and emerging technologies will complement and build on the GWAS findings

Global impact of COVID-19 on stroke care and IV thrombolysis

Objective To measure the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of IV thrombolysis (IVT), IVT transfers, and stroke hospitalizations over 4 months at the height of the pandemic (March 1 to June 30, 2020) compared with 2 control 4-month periods. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study across 6 continents, 70 countries, and 457 stroke centers. Diagnoses were identified by their ICD-10 codes or classifications in stroke databases. Results There were 91,373 stroke admissions in the 4 months immediately before compared to 80,894 admissions during the pandemic months, representing an 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] -11.7 to -11.3, p < 0.0001) decline. There were 13,334 IVT therapies in the 4 months preceding compared to 11,570 procedures during the pandemic, representing a 13.2% (95% CI -13.8 to -12.7, p < 0.0001) drop. Interfacility IVT transfers decreased from 1,337 to 1,178, or an 11.9% decrease (95% CI -13.7 to -10.3, p = 0.001). Recovery of stroke hospitalization volume (9.5%, 95% CI 9.2-9.8, p < 0.0001) was noted over the 2 later (May, June) vs the 2 earlier (March, April) pandemic months. There was a 1.48% stroke rate across 119,967 COVID-19 hospitalizations. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was noted in 3.3% (1,722/52,026) of all stroke admissions. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a global decline in the volume of stroke hospitalizations, IVT, and interfacility IVT transfers. Primary stroke centers and centers with higher COVID-19 inpatient volumes experienced steeper declines. Recovery of stroke hospitalization was noted in the later pandemic months.Paroxysmal Cerebral Disorder

Cholinesterases: Structure, Role, and Inhibition

Acetilkolinesteraza (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) i butirilkolinesteraza (BChE; E.C. 3.1.1.8) enzimi su koji se zbog svoje uloge u organizmu intenzivno istražuju unutar područja biomedicine i toksikologije. Iako strukturno homologni, ovi enzimi razlikuju se prema katalitičkoj aktivnosti, odnosno specifi čnosti prema supstratima koje mogu hidrolizirati te selektivnosti za vezanje mnogih liganada. U ovom radu dan je pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja kolinesteraza i njihovih interakcija s ligandima i inhibitorima te su izdvojene aminokiseline aktivnog mjesta koje sudjeluju u tim interakcijama.Enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; E.C. 3.1.1.8) have intensively been investigated in biomedicine and toxicology due to important role in organisms. Even if structurally homologous, they differ in catalytic activity, specificity, for substrates, and selectivity in binding to many ligands. This paper compiles the results of research on cholinesterases and their interactions with ligands and inhibitors, and identifies amino acids of active sites involved in these interactions

Idioten. Romanen om den goda människan : Furst Mysjkin som den gestaltade idén om godhet

En studie om godhetens idé, gestaltad i karaktären furst Mysjkin i Fjodor Dostojevskijs roman Idioten. Teoretisk utgångspunkt för analysen av romanens etiska och religiösa innehåll är västerländsk idealism och rysk-ortodox tradition. Genom att använda de narratologiska begreppen story och plot undersöks berättelserna kring varat, tiden och döden,samt Mysjkin som godhetens idé. I den övergripande storyn om 'idioten' transformeras en kantiansk kunskapssyn på förnuftet till en dårskapsfilosofi, vilken har sina rötter i den apofatiska teologin, en negativ teologi som ser på kunskap som icke-vetande. Frågan om förnuft och tro behandlas bland annat i samband med Hans Holbein d. y:s tavla "Den döde Kristus i graven". Genom en analys utifrån Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotiska teckensystem och Dionysios Areopagitas ikonteologi framträder en tolkning, där 'fula symboler' betecknar det gudomliga. Romanens plot, den organiserade berättelsen, handlar om hur fursten kommer till det syndiga Sankt Petersburg och blir delaktig i Rysslands samtida moderna tid. Gérard Genettes intertextuella teorier om indirekt transformation mellan texter används för att jämföra romanens form och innehåll med Johannesevangeliets. Med hjälp av Michail Bachtins handlingsfilosofi och hans kronotop-begrepp analyseras furstens möten och samtal med medmänniskan, 'den andre'. I denna dialog växer romanens budskap fram: tillvaron är en ständig kamp mellan onda och goda krafter, där det är viktigt att, likt en riddare, kämpa för godhetens seger

Edith Södergran och hennes ryska tradition

Edith Södergran är banbrytande för den lyriska modernismen i Norden. Hon föds i S:t Petersburg som tredje generationens invandrare på mödernet, får sin utbildning i denna stad, bor i Raivola på Karelska näset och är medborgare i det ryska storfurstendömet Finland. Uppsatsen undersöker hur den ryska miljön avspeglas i hennes texter. Utifrån modernismen och det moderna, estetisk idealism och den ryska idén med dess messianismen, undersöks hur en väv av texter med dess förväntningar på en ny värld och en ny människa gestaltas i Edith Södergrans dikter. Jag ser på dessa texter som en väv där texterna interagerar med varandra och jag använder det poststrukturella uttrycket ”a tissue of textualities”. För att tolka texterna används läsarorienterade teorier formulerade av Jonathan Culler och Michael Riffaterre; text, läsare, koder, normer, tolkningskonventioner och lässtrategier är aktuella. I det ryska lyfter uppsatsen fram den messianism som i början av 1900-talet är ett starkt inslag i den petersburgska kulturen. Messianismens eskatologi och apokalyptiska tankar ger visioner om en möjlig förvandling av samhället, från lidande och förtryck till en sann och rättvis värld. Frågor som ställs är hur messianismens profetiska inslag och modernismens tro på nyheten och originaliteten påverkar den petersburgska kulturmiljön och därmed Edith Södergrans författarskap. Även frågor kring modernismens aktuella ”Gud är död”- begrepp och om individen/konstnärens betydelse för tidens tankar kring förverkligandet av det nya i det moderna behandlas. Slutsatsen är att modernismens syn på människans rätt till självförverkligande, den estetiska idealismens syn på konstnären som kunskapsförmedlare och det ryska arvet möjliggör Edith Södergrans självuppfattning, att vara en individ av ”ett nytt slag”. S:t Petersburgskulturen skapar fundamentet för Edith Södergrans poetiska skapande

Clinical characteristics distinguishing tramadol-using adolescents from other substance-using adolescents in an out-patient treatment setting

Background: Non-medical Prescription Opioid Use (NMPOU) has increased worldwide during the last decades, and specifically, tramadol misuse may represent a novel pattern of substance use among adolescents. The present study aims to analyze characteristics distinguishing tramadol-using adolescents from other substance-using adolescents seeking out-patient treatment. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of treatment-seeking patients between 13 and 24 years of age in an out-patient facility for substance use problems in Malmö, Sweden. A total of 526 treatment-seeking adolescents at an out-patient treatment center were included. Data on substance use, treatment history and socio-demographic variables were extracted through a semi-structured interview method aimed specifically for adolescents with alcohol or drug problems (Ung-DOK). Lifetime tramadol users were compared to non-users, and also, primary tramadol users were compared to remaining subjects. Results: Thirty-one percent (n = 162) were tramadol users (lifetime prevalence). In logistic regression, the tramadol group showed a significantly increased risk of tobacco use, problematic lifetime cocaine, benzodiazepine and amphetamine use, and were more likely to report contacts with the judicial system, and less likely to report contacts with child or adult psychiatry, and more likely to have parents born outside the Scandinavian countries. In logistic regression, primary tramadol use was negatively associated with frequent cannabis use. Conclusions: Tramadol use appears to be a novel pattern among treatment-seeking adolescents. They showed a significantly increased risk of initiation of other illicit drugs and criminal behaviour, despite less contact with psychiatric care. More attention may be needed to this relatively novel pattern of opioid use